Counselor Ethical Boundaries and Practices Essay

Part of being a counselor requires an understanding of dual relationships and the boundaries that are in place between a client and their counselor. Being a good counselor requires an understanding of the role that ethics plays in the professional relationship. Ethics are not simply a way of protecting the client but offer protection to the counselor as well. Counselor Decision-Making and Counseling Examples In the counseling profession dual relationships also known as multiple relationships can be defined as a situation in which multiples roles exists between the counselor and the client. Callanan et al discuss the fact that when a counselor and a client â€Å"blend their professional relationship with a non-professional relationship, then ethical concerns must be considered (2014).† The boundaries that are set in place between a counselor and a client are done so to protect both parties. A counselor is in a position of power in the life of their client and if the boundaries are not in place, the counselor could take advantage of their client and cause difficulties for them. To determine if a boundary crossing or a dual relationship is ethical and appropriate with a client that I am treating I would look first to the ACA code of ethics to determine what is viewed as unethical dual relationships. The ACA code of ethics goes into some detail in regards to what is considered to be a n unethical dual relationship. ACA Code A.5.a states that a â€Å"sexual and/or romantic counselor– client interactions or relationships with current clients, their romantic partners, or their family members are prohibited (2014).† The code of ethics also explains that counselors are prohibited from providing counseling services to someone that they have previously had a sexual/romantic relationship with. If the  situation that I am involved in is not covered within the ethical guidelines, then I would seek the advise of my supervisor or trusted colleague to determine what their thoughts are in regards to the situation that I have found myself in. In making my decision, I would look to determine that the decisions being made would not adversely affect my client or myself. I would also look to determine if the change in relationship would be therapeutic to my client. If I was dealing with a situation where I was sexually attracted to my client or my client was sexually attracted to me; I would look to the ACA code of ethics and determine that a sexual relationship with a client is considered unethical. Geyer believes â€Å"there seems to be considerable agreement within both secular and Christian circles that romantic or sexual relationships are always unethical concurrent with or during counseling and virtually always unethical afterwards (Dual Role Relationships and Christian Counseling, 1994).† If during a counseling session with a client, they felt that I was not hearing them, it might be appropriate to do some self-disclosure. This is a boundary crossing but as long as the self-disclosure does not cause the client to feel negative effects then it is acceptable as a way to make sure the client understands the counseling is listening and understands what the client is feeling. If I was working in a small town that did not have other counseling options, then I might be placed in a position to have a dual relationship with a client. A friend could come to me needing assistance in dealing with an issue and due to the area that we live in, there might not be another counselor that they could go and see. In this situation, I believe a dual relationship would be allowed as long as the boundaries between friendship and counseling are fully laid out before beginning. The friend would have to come into the sessions not as a friend but as a client, someone that I am there to assist without passing judgment. If I had been treating a client who had been involved in car crash where their actions caused the death of the passenger in the car, would it be ethical for me to cross the boundary of leaving the office and going to the site of the accident. I believe in this case that it would be acceptable for me to cross that boundary and go with my client as a support system as they are trying to come to terms with their actions that caused the death of another. By going with them to the site of the accident, they are able to have a sense of being protected as they process what  transpired and led them to that point in their life. Ethical Issues and Dimensions The ACA Code of Ethics defines an appropriate amount of time of 5 years following the termination of therapy to be acceptable for a counselor to pursue a sexual/romantic relationship with a past client. I believe that in some instances 5 years would be a good amount of time to pass before looking for that type of relationship but in some cases longer might be better. I will have been in a very powerful position with my client and therefore depending on what they were receiving counseling for, it might not have been enough time for that power dynamic to have equaled out. If I were seeing a client and they invited me to their birthday party, this would be considered unethical because I would be seeing them outside of the counseling sessions. If services have been terminated and we are the five years out of the counseling relationship, I would be able to attend the party without fear of my actions being unethical. How the relationship with the client ended also plays a part in being able to interact with them after termination of therapy. Lebaw (2014) states that there are different types of termination of counseling services; the termination of services can be carefully planned or be totally unplanned and based on cases that were either successful or unsuccessful. If the termination of services was a negative experience for the client, it might be more ethical to not interact with them after the ending of the counseling sessions. Professional Collaboration Counseling It is important for counselors and other stakeholders to work together in regards to the care of a client. There are different situations in which multiple areas of help will be needed for the clients’ safety and well-being and it is important that each member of the team is able to communicate effectively with one another. Multidisciplinary Team It is important for a counselor in certain situations to be able to work with  other professionals to ensure the best care is being given to a client. If I have not been trained in handling addictions and have a client that is dealing with severe depression but is also an alcoholic then it would be beneficial for me to work in conjunction with their addiction counselor. Then as I am treating the client for their depression, the addiction counselor is working with them in regards to their alcohol addiction. In this case the addictions counselor and I would need to be able to communicate back and forth with one another to ensure that our client was receiving the best possible care for their co-occurring disorders. Also, with having another person involved in the care of the client it helps to keep the firm boundaries in place that maintains the safety of the client and myself. The addictions counselor and I would meet regularly to discuss our plans to achieve a detailed care plan tha t gives our client the best possible outcome. Staton and Gilligan (2003) define the objective of collaboration as â€Å"developing mutual agreement on ways to work together to provide the most effective services.† Fiddler et al (2010) said that â€Å"meaningful engagement and decisions should be made in collaboration with the patient about his/her treatment and future management.† The client should be a part of the process of the care plan and not just being told what is going to be taking place, it allows the client to have a voice in their treatment. If my client did not wish for me to collaborate with their addictions counselor, wanting to keep the two areas separate then I would need to treat the client solely within the scope of the depression. I would not be able to provide my client with any advice as to why they are drinking or even why they find it difficult to stop drinking. As an individual counselor working alone with the client, I need to be sure that I do nothing unethical with the client. By knowing what I have been trained in and informing my client that because I do not have the experience or training to treat them in regards to their addiction, I am not only taking car e of myself ethically but the client as well. Part of the job of a supervisor-counselor relationship is for them to not only train the student in what it is to be a counselor, but to be a support system for the student. This puts the supervisor in a position of extreme importance to the student. Not only is the supervisor putting forth a grade on the students’ performance, but they are also being confided in by the student with the  struggles the student is having. The supervisor could use this position to influence the student in an unethical way if they are not careful. It would be simple for the supervisor to manipulate the student’s feelings towards them. These are very similar to the things that a counselor could do to a client if they did not monitor themselves. AS a counselor, you have the trust of your client that everything you are doing is being done to help them and not harm them. A criteria that could be used to determine if something a fellow counselor is being done is ethical or not is by knowing and being familiar with the ACA code of ethics as well as the laws of the state that I am practicing in. If I found a fellow counselor acting in an unethical way it would be my duty to report them to the licensing board. The board is the only one who has the right to pass judgment and sentence on a counselor who has behaved unethically. Development of Ethics Ponton stated â€Å"In whatever specialty counselors practice, they are asked to provide expertise to the problem of balancing an individual’s needs, strengths, and identity with the group or society within which that individual functions (2009).† Since taking this course I have become more familiar with the roles that ethics needs to play in the relationship between not only counselor and client; but counselor and counselor, and counselor and supervisor. That each of these relationships forms a chain that needs to be strong and well defined. The role that ethics plays in the life of a counselor is something that is very important. Ethics are not just there to protect the client, they protect the counselor as well. From this course I have learned that there will be times when the lines between ethical and unethical are not going to be clearly defined; yet there is a support system available to me. I learned that there is nothing wrong with going to my community of counselors for support or direction when I am unsure of a step. This is a profession where not only do we help clients but we help each other. Conclusion Someone who is beginning in the counseling profession needs to be fully aware of the ethical guidelines set in place by not only the ACA but the state in which they are practicing. The code of ethics are not in place simply to  protect the client; but to also provide protection to the counselor. The role of ethics and boundaries is important and something that a counselor will need to continuously watch and learn about as the work with clients. Though boundaries can fluctuate they should never be crossed in a way that could harm a client. As a counselor, I need to know what cases that I can treat and those that I can’t and be willing to work with others to give my clients the best possible care. There are ethical guidelines for not only the interaction with clients but for the interactions with other counseling professionals. Without ethics to guide a counselor in their practice, they are in a position to do major harm to their clients. This course has shown me that ethics a re an integral part of the counseling profession and need to be respected. Refeences American Counseling Association (2014). 2014 ACA Code of Ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author Callanan, P., Corey, C., Corey, G., & Corey, M. (2014). Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions. Stamford:CT Fiddler, M., Borglin, G., Galloway, A., Jackson, C., McGowan, L., & Lovell, K. (2010). Once-a-week psychiatric ward round or daily inpatient team meeting? A multidisciplinary mental health team’s experience of new ways of working. International Journal Of Mental Health Nursing, 19(2), 119-127. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0349.2009.00652.x Geyer, M. C. (1994). Dual Role Relationships and Christian Counseling. Journal Of Psychology & Theology, 22(3), 187-195. Lebow, J. (2014). Stages of therapy: Engagement, assessment, and termination. In , Couple and family therapy: An integrative map of the territory (pp. 151-170). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14255-007 Ponton, R. F., & Duba, J. D. (2009). The â€Å"ACA Code of Ethics†: Articulating Counselin g’s Professional Covenant. Journal Of Counseling & Development, 87(1), 117-121. Staton, A. R., & Gilligan, T. D. (2003). Teaching School Counselors and School Psychologists to Work Collaboratively. Counselor Education & Supervision, 42(3), 162.

A Thousand Splendid Suns Journey

Preliminary Advanced English 2012 A Thousand Splendid Suns Khaled Hosseini God,  grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference. A Thousand Splendid Sons by Khaled Hosseini portrays the courage within people to overcome change and accept the differences that life itself ultimately shows. Hosseini has written a strong climatic novel from the beginning of an accomplished civilized nation through to a war-torn country separated into pieces with no bounds of destruction.This intriguing story is set on the outskirts of the city Herat situated in Afghanistan where a young girl Mariam is born. The story is later moved on to the capital city, Kabul where another young girl Laila is given birth to. Hosseini depicts an image of women’s suffrage that is truly heart filled and effectively shows the inner strength, courage and bravery women had in order to survive and live to fulfill their many hop es and dreams. The author does this through the effective use of characterization, narrative style, the themes and issues portrayed within the text, relationships and emotions.Khaled Hosseini has used strong characterization and use of the technique narrative style in order to depict Mariam and Laila who are the two main characters in Hosseini’s inspiring yet heartbreaking story a thousand Splendid Suns. Hosseini has written this story through the technique of third person in order to effectively show the true feelings of the characters Mariam and Laila. The strong use of third person as the narrative style is a very important part of this text as it clearly emphasizes the emotions and feelings that Mariam and Laila experience whilst they face the many hardships placed upon them. She lived in fear of his shifting moods, his volatile temperament, his insistence on steering even mundane exchanges down a confrontational path that, on occasion, he would resolve with punches, slap s, kicks, and sometimes try to make amends for with polluted apologies, and sometimes not. †Mariam’s thoughts are so clearly depicted in the above lines that it gives the reader a full insight on how she fears each and every day as to how and what her husband’s mood will be when he arrives home and according to that how she will be treated. This illustrates the unjust behaviour she faces in her married life.The narrative style also is an excellent feature that engages the reader as it is a truly inspiring experience to be able to understand and comprehend what a woman is going through and how many things endlessly roam a mind when overcoming issues in life that we would never even think of let alone need to face in our lifetimes. A Thousand Splendid Suns also incorporates many themes and issues in Afghan society that effect women up until the present day. Hosseini shows the harsh reality of many women whose lives are filled with injustice and cruelty. He illustra tes the cultural distinction between marriage and true love.The marriages in the novel are forced arranged marriages that have no likelihood to love. Mariam’s mother, tells her child that marriage cannot hold love, that men are cold heartless creatures, yet later after Nana’s unexpected death Mariam’s first instinct when she was being forcefully married to an elderly man Rasheed, thirty years her senior was of despise but later she thought with an open mind and knew she wouldn’t want to be a burden on anyone as a young unmarried women. Mariam therefore had hope that her marriage would lead to contentment and possible love, but unfortunately the marriage delves into abuse and oppression.At this time she remembers her mother’s words â€Å"A man’s heart is a wreched, wreched thing. It is not like a mother’s womb, it will not bleed for you, it will not stretch to make room for you† these words fill her mind with truth as she looks upon her one sided, disastrous marriage filled with hate and inequity. Another aspect that is shown quite clearly in Hosseini’s text is that of multiple marriages. In this novel Mariam’s husband finds young Laila buried under rubble after a torpedo strikes her street and instantly kills her family. He takes her home and says to his wife to care for her.Once she is recovered he gives her an ultimatum that in order for him to take care of her and live with them she must marry him as she has no other way to live in such a war torn city. She agrees and later in time joins the oppression, abuse and injustice placed on Mariam. Hosseini illustrates the true colors of what these women go through and how life itself becomes a nightmare for them. There are many relationships displayed in Hosseini’s novel, relationships of hate, love, youth, friendships, siblings, marriages and family, but there is one very unique bond formed in this text.Hosseini at first portrays the obv ious jealousy Mariam has towards the young girl Laila, as she must share her husband with such competition. Rasheed, husband to two, purposely points all of Mariam’s flaws out to his new wife. He tells her all of Mariam’s deep secrets, and most importantly that she is a harami (illegitimate child) and that she is of no respect in society. Hosseini illustrates the hurt and pain Mariam endures when she realizes all those years of slaving endlessly to please her husband were of no use as he disrespects her in such a demeaning manner.Although Mariam tries her hardest to despise Laila, she realizes that Laila endures the same pain, oppression and hardships she does. Therefore Laila and Mariam begin to bond, share the work load of cleaning and cooking, have an occasional tea together which thus makes them realize that with such a bond anything is possible. Hosseini therefore suggests that women have an extremely strong ability to find strength and support within one another in order to help them overcome the impossible.This bond becomes more than just friendship; to them it seems like an inseparable tie of hope that god created for them through such hardships in life. This relationship effectively gives a positive view on the upcoming events in the novel and illustrates Hosseini’s positive depiction of support in relationships. This novel also shows the emotions used in order to create hope and the reality of which destiny unfolds. The people in this novel strive to believe in hope when going through the harsh realities forced upon them by political and personal oppression.Both Laila and Mariam depend upon somebody in their lives to overcome their problems and give them hope. For Mariam she looks upon the wise and elderly- Mullah Faizullah who taught her every aspect of knowledge of her religion. He never looked down upon her as a harami (illegitimate child) but as a child who was not even in a single way at fault and said to her â€Å"Behind e very trial and sorrow that He makes us shoulder, God has a reason. †Ã‚  These simple words gave Mariam the courage to believe and follow her faith as she knew no matter what life threw at her she’d always have her faith.Laila also has her childhood best friend Tariq as her savior, who treats her as his equal. Laila feels that no oppression is laid upon her when she is with Tariq and that he only urges her to follow her hopes and dreams through the roughest of times. When these rough times finally arrive Hosseini shows a cycle where dreams that once were fulfilled are crushed and where hope and success in the near future, which were once visible- began to crumble instantly. In this point of the novel â€Å"Laila has moved on. Because in the end she knows that’s all she can do. That and hope.   This creates suspense and emotional attachment with the characters as those hopes and dreams are flattened in moments just like the Afghan women’s suffrage portray ed through Mariam and Laila’s life, time and time again. As they both raise their hopes and see happiness through all the grim darkness in the war filled Afghanistan, they are only lead to disappointment. Hosseini truly illustrates the moments of hope and faith in these women’s lives but also gives the reader a thorough depiction on destiny, and how anything can change no matter what hopes and dreams you have.Khaled Hosseini has written a truly heartbreaking yet inspirational novel that any women would be empathetic towards. A thousand Splendid Suns is a story filled with multiple issues that will be present in society forever, it illustrates oppressions placed on women, hardships war-torn countries such as Afghanistan face and the relationships that are torn apart and can never be fixed and are therefore forever estranged. Hosseini truly inspires people to never lose hope even through the worst of times and to hold on to your faith, be true to yourself, think with an open mind and take one step at a time.

Rewards Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rewards Strategy - Assignment Example No matter how well the awareness campaign is planned, the role of line managers is most important in making the total rewards plan a success, hence it is important to take each line manager in confidence and explain the overall increased benefits to them along with the reasons for change. 9 Discouraging the Entitlement Mentality 10 Rewards Arrangement and Flexibility between divisions 11 Responsibility and readiness of Line Managers 11 Sequence or Timeline for implementation of a total rewards Strategy 12 Change Management 12 Total Reward Framework 13 References 15 Meyers, J. 2010, ‘How Does a Contingent Payment Work?’, Viewed 29 November 2012 15 Introduction The London Provincial Bank is undergoing the same phase of growth that every organization witnesses after it balances both the internal efficiencies and performance in the market. The concern now for the Bank is to retain, reward and develop their staff resulting in a competitive advantage in the banking industry. T o achieve this it is important for the bank to attain a consistency in the workforce performance with better retention techniques applied to prevailing workforce while attracting the best talent from the market. The Total Reward approach draws together all the financial and non-financial investments an employer makes for its workforce. It emphasizes all aspects of reward as an integrated and coherent whole, from pay and benefits through flexible working hours, learning and development, quality and challenge of the work itself (Manas & Graham, 2002). Total reward strategy includes everything the employee perceives to be of...To achieve this it is important for the bank to attain a consistency in the workforce performance with better retention techniques applied to prevailing workforce while attracting the best talent from the market. The Total Reward approach draws together all the financial and non-financial investments an employer makes for its workforce. It emphasizes all aspects of reward as an integrated and coherent whole, from pay and benefits through flexible working hours, learning and development, quality and challenge of the work itself (Manas & Graham, 2002). Total reward strategy includes everything the employee perceives to be of value resulting from the employment relationship. All of the tools available to the employer that may be used to attract, motivate and retain employees (Armstrong, 2010). The selected approach adopted for compilation of a total rewards policy is the Towers Perrin model of Total rewards, which explains the reward distribution in to communal and individual rewards with tangible and intangible nature, hence: Pay + Benefits + Learning and Development + Working Environment = Total Rewards Objectives †¢ Improved organizational performance – helping organizations balance their investment with employee expectations and needs, to source and retain high quality staff, winning their commitment by optimizing motivation and morale, and thereby securing better value for money and greater productivity (Armstrong, 2010).

Business Intelligence Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Intelligence Analysis - Assignment Example WEKA is the preferred software tool for the classification. This is because the software can mine useful information from the data by providing an algorithm for coming up with accurate prediction models. The objective of the business intelligence analysis is to equip learners with business skills that will help them in relating services, applications, and the technologies so that they can manage and analyse data so that the data is transformed into useful information that is critical to sound decision making. The Business intelligence processes are used to evaluate business processes and to optimise them so that they are in line with the objectives of the business. The objectives can be operational that impact the business on daily basis, or even tactical that will have impacts on short term basis like marketing or even strategic goals that will have long term effect like improving the revenues. Business intelligence is therefore a critical element in the decision making process. This is because the process analyses data that is, orders, inventory and points of sales. From these data the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) are calculated that is, the measure of the strategic performanc e of the business. KPI is important in the monitoring of the organisation’s performance and for decision making. The main objective is to extract business intelligence that is crucial in shaping the organisation’s operations to the strategic and tactical objectives of the business. This is only possible when the transactional data is integrated in the data warehouse to be analysed by the BI performance managers. The course seeks to equip learners with the ability to convert the integrated, but raw warehouse data into useful information that can be used to determine accurately how the business performed in contrast to its objectives and predictions. This application generates business knowledge that is very important for

Analysis of Guess Whos Coming to Dinner Film Essay

Analysis of Guess Whos Coming to Dinner Film - Essay Example Outside of Dr. John Prentice, Joey constitutes perhaps the most central and important character in the film. Her characterization is such that she is distinct from virtually every other character. Clearly, the most significant difference between Joey’s character and the others is her lack of racial prejudice. Not only is her relationship with John a significant aspect of this theme, but she also demonstrates a professed love for the house-made, Tillie. While one may argue that she shares this trait with John, she is ultimately portrayed as blissfully unaware that others might feel tension at her inter-racial relationship. John even states, â€Å"It’s not that our color difference makes no difference to her, it’s that to her, there is no difference.† At a number of points throughout the film she breaks through this naivetà ©, making a number of subtle and clever comments at the expense of her mother; for instance, when her mother first encounters John, Joe y states that her mother should sit down because of her perceived shock at John being a negro. It is this knowledge that is hidden directly under her bubbly and superficial outward demeanor that is perhaps Joey’s most interesting character element. Another important character element is Joey’s happiness. Her mother makes a speech attesting to her happiness as a youth, which still pales in comparison to her happiness with John. This differentiates her from the other characters, who are depicted as tired and experienced, and also functions to increase audience sympathy for her union with John in the face of her family’s apprehension. Conversely, Dr. John Prentice is characterized throughout the film in a slightly different way than Joey. Perhaps the significant element of his characterization is the frequent reference made to his importance – Joey’s father’s assistant first states this and it is later mentioned by Monsignor Ryan.     

1. Discuss why human rights emerged as an important issue in Essay

1. Discuss why human rights emerged as an important issue in international relations Explain the impact of major cases in international politics - Essay Example Essentially, this tome defined human dignity, as against honor, which according to Berger, Berger and Kellner, always relates to the intrinsic humanity divested of all socially imposed roles or norms and that it pertains to the self as such, to the individual regardless of his position in society (Berger, Berger and Kellner 1974, 89-90). To demonstrate how the Declaration impacted international relations, there is the fact that it is often cited in UN resolutions of the General Assembly as well as the other agencies of the world body. More importantly, the Declaration has also been often used as the foundation of the constitution, laws and judicial decisions of numerous states, making the declaration some form of a standard measuring the progress of states and peoples toward realizing the full respect for human freedom. Further on, there is also the power of technology and the integrating nature of communication and globalization that made it impossible for atrocities committed against individuals to be hidden from international scrutiny. An excellent example was when in 1983, peasants from Uchuraccay, Peru killed visiting journalists mistaking them as members of Sendero Lumino (SL), the most notorious terrorist group in Latin America. Because of this, Peru came to the attention of world and human rights became part of the Peruvians’ ordinary language (Cleary 91). Non-governmental organizations have also been formed, with hundreds of thousands of volunteers, experts and civil servants pledging to pursue and protect international human rights. The negative dimension to the human rights discourse in the context of international relations is demonstrated in the US-Latin American relations. A specific reference to the American policy towards human rights was contained in the inaugural address of US President Carter wherein he declared: â€Å"Because we are free, we can never be

'The importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to Essay

'The importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to ...... (use the company featured for your portfolio my portfolio company is GOOGLE - Essay Example Social responsibility enables a company to build a good name about itself which over time earns it a good reputation. A good reputation is very important to any organization that is success oriented and its benefits cannot be underestimated. It makes people want to be associated with the firm since almost everyone is proud of it and this in turn is beneficial to the company (Paetzold 2009, p.33). It is thus a great marketing asset that has a high potential of increasing sales and customer loyalty, which as a result can translate, to perpetual dominance of the firm in the sector it operates in. Google Company because of being socially responsible has built a good reputation in the market that has made many people across the globe to be loyal to its products. This has enabled the company to excel in marketing its products and generally it has contributed significantly to its overall success (Scharl 2007, p.200) Organizations that give back to the community are associated with greater employee satisfaction and productivity than their counterpart that do not engage in empowering the society (Ulrich, Goldsmith & Carter 2004, p.40). This is mainly because the workers are able to rightly identify themselves with their employer without fear since the firm has built a strong brand of itself out of its involvement in social empowerment activities. They in turn become more motivated in their work and hence they consciously or unconsciously become more productive benefiting their employers. Furthermore firms which are ethically responsible usually attract the most qualified and talented employees mainly because these workers believe that they will be treated well. This strong belief that they will be treated well stems from the reasoning that if the company treats outsiders in such a good manner then it must be kind to its staff. Google Company over the past three years has donated over three hundred

Read chapter Nighn 9 and answer the questions Essay

Read chapter Nighn 9 and answer the questions - Essay Example These musicians were responsible for promoting Nueva Cancion in support of an intensive leftist protest that expressed distaste for a totalitarian and capitalist regime as well as imperialism which occurred to corrupt the nation’s cultural identity at that period. As a turning point in the history of the movement, the presidential campaign of Salvador Allende in 1970 became sensationalized especially as it managed to convey the leader’s strong Marxist convictions through an open election in which the Nueva cancioneros contributed rhythms that thematically coincided with Allende’s communist principles. At the time, the government may be perceived as a government of revolution which responded in utter agreement to the combined political ideals and musical creativity of the radical artists. The short-lived administration and the forerunning characters of the Nueva Cancion were of a single heart and passion in being pro-people so that their joint forces, as a whole, were accounted for as highly significant in Latin American history, having influenced the world with songs that communicate advocacies for human rights, anti-oppression, ethnicity, liberation, anti-poverty, and non-dictatorial martial rule. As an unfortunate consequence, however, the brutish takeover of the powerful military coup some three years later fated Allende and supporters, Victor Jara, and some fellow artists with a tragic end of death. The coup reacted to this extent of employing harsh measures toward Nueva Cancion as the movement had been viewed widely with the ample capacity to move and educate communities and turn them against their unrighteous rulers as vividly evident for instance in the crafts of Jara via lyrical substance of the pieces â€Å"Venceremos† and â€Å"El aparecido†. (2) What is a wawa velorio? Why is it a celebration? What takes place at this ceremony? (What types of activities and what type of music.) (1/3-page) Basically, the term ‘ wawa velorio’ pertains to a child’s wake that is presented in a ritualistic manner and in particular, J.T. Titon describes it as an all-night affair for the wake of the deceased Quichua child. To illustrate the chief ground behind the rationale of its celebration, Titon states that â€Å"The death of young children in Ecuador and throughout Latin America is a daily tragedy, one that through its very frequency ironically serves to preserve dozens of unique regional traditions of genre, instrument, and dance.† Based on this, a thoughtful reflection may be inclined to figure that the sadness of such regular tragedy must have been too much to bear that families and the rest of the community prefer to celebrate with music and dynamic colourful activities rather than mourn over their grave loss of tender-aged loved ones. Apparently it makes sense, for when Latinos are gathered as such, they may be alleviated of a huge portion of burden as singing and dancing could fun ction as a tribute to the dead and a natural yet sacred acknowledgment of mortality and life’s severe misfortunes. During the ‘wawa velorio’ event, according to Titon, a harpist and a golpeador or wake singer are hired to play vacacion – a music sharply rendered with percussion instruments and sanjuan, respectively. While vacacion is purely instrumental and is solely played by the

Project management - Answering the case study Question Essay

Project management - Answering the case study Question - Essay Example The cost of each Windows 2000 workstation is $3000, where as that of Windows 2000 server is $12,000. The term labor cost refers to the cost that the employers incur in hiring incremental unit if labor. The labor cost is used for various purposes like judging the various cost levels of different labor classes (Triplett, 1983, p.4). It has been assumed that each one puts in 40 hrs per week, as per the problem. The rest of the data has been collected from the exhibit 7 & 8 of the case study. Number of hours was calculated by dividing the no. of days with 7(since there are 7 days in a week) and multiplying with 40. The critical path method is one of the several management techniques during a project planning. A project generally is made up of a number of individual activities. These activities can be divided into further activities while handling a complex web of activities. The CP model helps us to determine that how long a complex project might take for its successful completion. It also helps to identify the activities that are ‘critical’, which implies that the tasks that are important to be finished on time otherwise the project can be delayed. The tool also helps to determine whether one needs to speed up the project and for doing so which a cost effective way. This can be achieved by feeding in the data of cost of each activity and the cost of speeding up the activity in the critical path method. (Samuel L. Baker, para 1-3). According to Hiemstra (2000), the critical path analysis is logical sequence of the series of activities of a project in such a way that the most efficient route is determined. The tool helps in time management and helps the managers with sufficient information to take decisions regarding the project plan (para. 2). Planning is an important component of every project. Risk factors are always associated with project sing technology. These risks can be classified as schedule overruns, change in the technology and its

About Poletical Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About Poletical Science - Essay Example aper is to analyze the content of the APSA website to, firstly, understand how well the Association uses the Internet as a medium of information dissemination and, secondly, to ascertain how well it informs a wider audience on specific aspects of political science and political scientists. The APSA website is organized into areas where access is free and others where access is limited. The free areas contain a plethora of general information about political science, including separate sections on resources for teachers and students (albeit more for graduate students than others), information about awards and grants, the various APSA initiatives, job listings, and a chronological list of upcoming conferences in the discipline. The most useful aspect of this last section is that the call dates for paper or proposal submission at these conferences are also mentioned, informing all interested parties about deadlines. Registered users of the website may access the limited areas, the availability of which depends upon their type of registration. The free online registration allows one to submit proposals to the APSA annual meetings and register for the same. This facility also makes it possible to post rà ©sumà ©s on the website, while responding to job opportunities and listing vacancies. Registered users also enjoy the benefit of having access to an archive of past APSA conference papers. For access to more academic material, such as the digital versions of the three APSA journals – American Political Science Review, Perspectives on Politics, PS: Political Science and Politics – and the ability to apply for travel grants to the annual meetings, one needs to pay an amount commensurate with one’s income. In fact, the Association even has special membership schemes for students, those currently unemployed, and prospective members from the developing world. Overall, the APSA website uses the Internet as a tool for communication and dissemination quite well. The

Effect of Incorporation of Carrot Powder in Wheat Flour Essay Example for Free

Effect of Incorporation of Carrot Powder in Wheat Flour Essay Effect of Incorporation of Carrot Powder in Wheat Flour for the Preparation of Stick Noodles Kripa Shakya1 and Anup Halwai2 1. College of Applied Food and Dairy Technology,Kathamndu, Nepal 2. Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Kathamndu, Nepal [emailprotected] com Abstract Noodles were prepared by incorporating carrot powder in the percentage of 5, 10, 15 and 20 in wheat flour. The main objective of the work was to prepare the nutritious noodle enriched with Vitamin A. Sensory evaluation of the carrot powder incorporated stick noodles revealed that the product prepared with 5% carrot powder and 95% wheat flour was found to be most acceptable. The chemical analysis of the most acceptable product were found out to be 10. 8% moisture, 0. 6% fat, 10. 3 % crude protein, 0. 7% crude fiber,1. 7% total ash, 0. 1% acid insoluble ash, 75. 8% carbohydrate and 12166 I. U. Vitamin A content. Keywords: Noodle, wheat flour, carrot powder, Vitamin A 1. Introduction: Noodles are among the oldest forms of the processed foods consumed in Asia and other parts of the world (Hou, 2001). Noodles can be prepared from wheat flour alone and/or in combination with other ingredients such as rice flour, buckwheat and mung bean.. In the noodle preparation, a crumbly dough is formed which is then passed through a series of rolls to form a sheet. The sheet is then slit to produce noodles (Hou, 2001). Carrot (Daucus carota) is a root vegetable, usually orange or red- white blend in color with crisp texture when fresh. Carrot gets its characteristic and bright orange color from ? carotene, which is metabolized into vitamin A in human when bile salts are present in the intestines. Carrots are also rich in dietary fiber, and antioxidants. Carrot can also promote colon health as it is rich in fiber. Vitamin A deficiency remains widespread in many countries in South Asia and contributes to a significant proportion of preventable blindness (Bloem, 1997). Vitamin A supplementation can reduce the risk of blindness in case of the children (Hennig et al. 1991). In Nepal, two types of noodles are consumed. They are stick (sinke) noodle and instant noodle. In case of instant noodle, different ingredients and nutrients has been added to improve the nutrient content and to increase the consumer appeal such as iron, calcium and vitamin A and different flavors like spinach, chicken and vegetables. But, to the best of my knowledge, in case of noodles, no such studies have been conducted. The main objective of this research is to prepare the noodle enriched with Vitamin A and to analyze its chemical composition of the product. 2. Materials and methods: The raw materials used for the noodle making for wheat flour, carrot powder and salt. Five samples of stick noodles were prepared and labeled A (0% carrot powder and 100% wheat flour), B (5% carrot powder and 95% wheat flour), C (10% carrot powder and 90% wheat flour), D (15% carrot powder and 85% wheat flour) and E (20% carrot powder and 80% wheat flour). Wheat flour was cleaned by passing through a fine sieve screen. Fresh carrots were washed with potable water, sliced, dried at 100Â ±2 ? C for 6 hours. The dried carrots were then powdered in the grinder. Salt was bought from the local market. The method involved cleaning of raw materials, sieving, mixing, of water, kneading, sheeting, cutting, drying and packaging. The raw materials were weighed and mixed manually. 1% of salt was added to the mixture. The required amount of water (33%) was added to the flour. The mixture was kneaded manually to form dough and then left for 30 minutes. The dough was passed through rollers to obtain a sheet. Then it was passed through the cutter to cut into strips. The noodles were dried at a low humidity room for 3 days and then sun drying was done for 1 hour. The products were packed in a plastic bag to protect from the moisture absorption and also to extend its shelf-life. Sensory evaluation of the five noodles samples were performed. Ten panelists were asked to score for the quality attributes viz. , color, flavor, texture and taste in order of their preference according the 9-point Hedonic rating test described by Ranganna (1994). Chemical analyses were performed for the best sample from the sensory evaluation The moisture content and ash content were determined as per AOAC method (1995)Fat rude fiber content and protein content were determined as per Ranganna, 1994. Vitamin content was determined by HPLC as prescribed by Pharmacopeia, 1985. The product was also tested for physical properties such as length, color, edge and thickness. The cooking quality of the product was also determined in terms of cooking time, water absorption capacity, volume expansion and cooking loss as per Poudyal, 1988. 3. Results and Discussions The moisture content of the wheat flour was determined as 12. 2% and its gluten content was determined as 10%. To make noodles, the wheat flour containing 10-12% gluten is suitable. The quality of the wheat flour to make noodles depend on the gluten. If the gluten content is low, there is chance of breakage of noodles. Similarly, the moisture content of the carrot powder was determined as 9. 5%. Sample A with 5% carrot powder had the highest score in terms of quality attributes although the quality attributes among other products except product D (with 20% carrot powder) were not significantly different. (p=0. 05) In case of stick noodle, according to Nepal Standard, the moisture content must not exceed 12. 5%. The moisture content of both type of noodle is less than 12. 5% and there is no big difference between the moisture content of the two products. The protein content of stick noodle must not be less than 8% on dry basis. The protein content of plain noodle was found to be 10. 2% and that of carrot noodle was found to be 10. 3%. There was not much difference in the protein content because the protein content in carrot is very low. Fat is an energy giving constituent. Fat content of the plain noodle was found to be 0. 6% and that of carrot noodle was found to be 0. 6%. The fiber content of the plain noodle was found to be 0. 35% and that of carrot noodle was found to be 0. 7%. The fiber content in high in carrot.

Tata Nano Cars In The New Zealand Market Marketing Essay

Tata Nano Cars In The New Zealand Market Marketing Essay Globalisation is the trend which has an impact on countries, organisations and peoples. Global markets help organisations to do their business on a worldwide scale (Bradley, 2005). This report is divided into five sections. In section first it describe about the chosen Indian automobile company which is Tata motors and the chosen product which is Tata Nano car. It also discussed the rate in which the car is sold and who are target customer and where product is marketed. In section second it describe marketing situation about the car. Further, it presents a review of the product and explaining its features as to why the car has to be launched in New Zealand which is the target country. Moreover, pricing strategy is mention which is followed by the promotion techniques. In section third it consists of objectives of it and in section fourth implementation of the marketing strategy is done by analyzing the present marking and giving ideas to market the car. Finally, in section fifth futu re research about the product is carried out. 1. Overview about the company Tata Nano is the cheapest motor-car in the world. It is traded in domestic nation, India for about Rs 1 Lakh (Guardian, 2010). It is constructed by Tata motor limited, the biggest vehicle industry in India. Its chairperson, Mr. Ratan Tata envisions that Tata Nano to turn out to be a peoples car which is cheap for everyone (Tata, 2010). Tata Nano was started in India on 1st April 2009 and anticipated in Indian marketplace by July 2009(Tata, 2010). While launching, it has made an enormous buzz among the Indians. By the initial of launching, it has encountered by 5500 registrations for the car (Tata, 2010). Since from launching, the production of the car is still growing high. Target market and customer If 4 wheels cost as small as two wheels, that would quickly alter among the people. Last year about seven million scooters and motorcycles were traded in India, generally among 30,000 INR to 70,000 INR, about 936 NZD to 2185 NZD (Times of India, 2010). Tata is aiming a cost of 100,000 INR as a single of 100 thousand, by Indian conditions of evaluation or about 3122 NZD at present to replace the rates, for that motor-car. Its impossible that which is affordable in the west however persists three times upper than Indias yearly per capita money. The medium wage for industry employees at Tata motors is just $5500 per annum (Gupta, 2009). There are three kinds of model available of Tata Nano car that are Tata Nano, Tata Nano cx and Tata Nano lx (Tata, 2010). In most of the countries the Tata Nano car is introduced. Here the target place is New Zealand marketplace. So, due to warm climate in New Zealand, exclusive Tata Nano cx shall be launched in New Zealand. The retailing cost of Tata Nano cx in New Zealand will be NZD 5746.90 as a whole. With this price, the focus of the marketplace is wide for the company as the average income of the people is NZD 838.70 per month (New Zealand Income Survey, 2009). So, the company can target the people who need their own transportation facility and desire to have luxurious in a very low cost. 2. Situational Analysis 2.1 Product review à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ There are three variants in the Tata Nano stage: Tata Nano, Tata Nano cx and Tata Nano lx (Tata, 2010) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Exclusively the Tata Nano cx variant could be prefaced in the New Zealands marketplace for the initial phase à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Tata Nano lx shall prefaced in the New Zealands marketplace since the subsequent years the motor-car has attained its base expense by minimizing costs on needless luxuries, the fundamental Nano car approaches unless frontage and back fog glows, unless a heater or ambience disciplining, unless anti-lock brakes, single windscreen wiper, manually functioned windows, guidebook steering with nothing ambience purses, small 12 wheels, plastic body portions added with paste besides of more traditional metal and welding and a two cylinder 623 cc locomotive that renders a big highest speed of 65 mph (approximately 105 km/h) (Dhingra,2009). 2.2 Stylish and comfortable The peoples car, planned with a component of mind, has a spacious passenger compartment with benevolent leg gap and head room. It can be contentedly placed by 4 members. 4 doors with elevated seating places create ingress and egress. Length with a distance of 3.1 meters, breadth of 1.5 meters and an altitude of 1.6 meters, with sufficient land clearance, it can effortlessly access on busy roads in metropolises as fine as in countryside fields(Infibeam, 2010). Its mono-mass plan, with wheels at the corners and the power train at the back, facilitates it to unique aggregate of the couple space and the ability of movement that shall group a standard between little cars. 2.3 Fuel-efficient engine The peoples car has a back-wheel drive, all aluminum, two-cylinder, 523 cc, 33 PHS, multi point fuel infusion petrol locomotive (Infibeam, 2010). This is the initial occasion that a two-cylinder gas locomotive is being applied in a car with a one balancer ray. The lean plan strategy has availed to minimize the load that aids to maximize the activity as a whole expended and renders elevated fuel accuracy. Activity is ascertained by particularly planned electronic locomotive administration. 2.4 Environment-friendly The peoples car tailpipe releases the activity beyond the restrictive necessities. In conditions of total pollutants, it has a less pollution than the two-wheelers being constructed in New Zealand nowadays. The elevated accuracy also assures that the motor-car has less carbon dioxide emissions, thereby offering the twin advantages of a cheap transportation solution with a less carbon footprint (Guardian, 2010) 3. Financial Analysis 3.1 Pricing strategies The cost expense is an approximated USD 2,420 that involves importing revenue, responsibilities excise, trades revenue, shipment costs and gathering cost. The retailing expense for the New Zealand marketplace is comprehensive of principle supplements; however omit road revenue (NZD 29.40), listing payments (NZD 62.90), number plate (NZD 21.00) and possession endorsing payment (NZD 21.00), trades revenue (NZD 574.70) that numbered to NZD 134.20(New Zealand Govt., 2010). The on-the-road expense shall be NZD 6624.80.those issues replicate a strategy for accepting a portion from found competitors, such as peroduas paradigm of kancil and viva (Farris, et al 2009). 3.2 Setting the price selecting price objectives Tata Nano New Zealand has a group of three aims in its attempt to place itself in the New Zealand moving marketplace. The aims are: survival, highest current incomes and highest market income. Survival Strong contest from New Zealands latter motor-car producer, perodua for a portion of the moving marketplace chapter for the under 1,000 cc sort shall spur Tata Nano New Zealand to assure that the motor-car expense conceals the variable costs and certain determined costs. In this example, existence is a concise word goal as in the lengthy execution, Tata Nano New Zealand shall append rate such as joined security characteristics to the Nano stage (Omar, 2009). Highest current incomes Tata Nano New Zealand has a group of expense that shall enlarge the present earnings, currency run and continues on asset, later than accepting into assumption the requirement and costs committed. As this sort of little overseas cars chapter has not been absolutely tested by other producers, hence the requirement is alternatively hard to approximate however Tata Nano New Zealand is self-assured of a better acknowledgement that towards the entrance in the New Zealand markets (Times of India, 2010). Highest market income For the New Zealand marketplace, Tata Nano shall execute the marketplace-diffusion pricing that is to group a low expense for a recent motor-car in sequence to lure a huge number of customers and a huge marketplace portion. This shall be finished by accomplishing the elevated trades and their outcomes in low costs, admitting the industry to reduce its expense. The base-expense entrance shall render New Zealand customers with a feasible option to perodua -New Zealand latter federal motor-car. More relaxation is anticipated as New Zealand implements the Asian independent sale domain contract that commits the New Zealand regime to reduce the overseas motor-car taxes (Michael, 2009). 3.3 Total sales estimation The expenditure choice of 100 thousand INR is absolutely moving to create a numerous people that transit to four-wheeler fold and that will burst the requirement (Tata, 2010). The fundamental cause was the certainty that the aim of the expenditure will modify the four wheeler sector. It was chosen to group the organisation with 500 thousands car per year capability and increase upward in levels, with expand of small car in marketplace requirement (Fill, 2006). 4. Advertising and promotion 4.1 Promotion strategies The actual missions are to boost the Tata Nano in New Zealand and to expand the trades periodically. Tata Nano is very recent for New Zealand, they sense new with their recent trademark and procedure of this motor-car. Thus the goal for promotion plan is their objective to build trademark consciousness and procedure/information of this recent motor-car Tata Nano. This is the cheapest motor-car in the world and explodes into the global marketplace in the concise occasion. However this is the recent trademark for the New Zealand, thus it performs the announcement and manages the occasion or operation in adequate information to constitute the better trademark approaches (Gillespie et al, 2007). Trademark consciousness is essential to render the establishment for trademark fairness. The target to build, preference, certainty, and buy a Tata Nano motor-car it can perform the evaluation with other cars that are very expensive. However, company shall convince the consumer that the company will provide a trial to drive the Tata Nano for before purchasing it and will also render its guarantee for Tata Nano (Shah, 2008). 4.2 Promotion tag line Tata Nano peoples car Why we constitute this label line? This is to create that all the New Zealand people to memorize that Tata Nano is for the people. Tata Nano is for security and it can migrate universally by Tata Nano name with the peculiar entertaining for the people, however it just want to wage all of this at lesser expense -pay fewer and obtain more. Along that the people can enjoy their globe size and cost expenditure (Cadbury, 2008). 4.3 Online advertisement Initially, the launching of Tata Nano in New Zealand will be done by online announcement. The company will develop a website for intercommunication with their customer. In the website, the company will upload photos and videos of the car and will ask for the feedback from the customer. These help people to get latest news about Tata Nano and gap for common acknowledgement. More than that, blogs have turned out to be an essential outlet that is routinely updated by online diaries. Blogs is bestowing collectively by people with general interests. They differ in broad and can impact enormous listeners due to numerous web clients to study blogs. The company can constitute the web blogs network and cautiously supervising to determine out what is on peoples mind. This is a cheapest and better manner to construct trademark consciousness (Schmidt Hollensen, 2006). 4.4 Television advertisement Television announcement is very costly however this is the most effectual to carry out the Tata Nano to the common people by showing Tata Nano properties and persuasively explaining their equivalent customer advantages. By lesser announcing spending plan, the company cant perform the TV announcement in altogether day (Srivastava, 2008) thus it can select the occasion time (7pm 11pm) for the announcement. 4.5 Radio advertisement Most of the New Zealand people hear to the radio day-to-day. Presently they have numerous services suchlike as mp3, hand phone and so on, is expedience for the people to hear the radio anytime at anyplace; this is an affordable and pervasive average for manufacturers to build the trademark consciousness by often hearing the announcement and the trademark identity. Benefits of the radio announcement are versatility, fast acknowledge and also more effectual media for reaching teens (Mooij, 2003). 4.6 Newspaper advertisement Along with the radio, most of the New Zealand people also read the newspaper daily. Thus this is better way for marketing the product (Alexander, n.d). Due to it company can obtain wide adoption and better reputation among the local people and it is cheaper also. 5. Objectives The objective of company is to fast-grow and accomplishing the aims for three years of the markets. First year goal is to accomplish 25,000 units of trades acquiring the market and to obtain the highest percentage. Second year goal is to accomplish 10% for expanding in periodical establishment (NZD 20381.00). Third year goal is to accomplish major people using Tata Nano by the end of 2014. 6. Implementation 6.1 Business and marketing analysis Tata motors limited is Indias biggest vehicle industry, with incomes of Rs. 35651.48 crores (used 8.8 million) in 2007-08(Brokersreport, 2008). It is the organizer in marketable automobiles in every chapter, and between the peak three in passenger automobiles with succeeding commodities in the constriction, midsize motor-car and usefulness vehicle sectors. The industry is the worlds 4th biggest truck producer, and the worlds latter biggest motorbus producer (Guardian, 2010). In March 2008, Tata motors adopted Fords UK depend motor-car brands Jaguar and Land rover (BBC news, 2008). As per the Ratan naval Tata (chairperson of Tata team), the requirement for the creation which is similar to Nano that has obtained to perform somewhat for the people of India and for their traveling, unavailability and bad feature of long travel is a general difficulty in India. So with this, Tata Nano is made as a safer mode of travel (Tata, 2010). The following will be key strengths and weakness within the company and describes the opportunities and threats facing Tata Nano. 6.2 SWOT Analysis Strengths The internationalization strategy thus distant has been to retain native directors in recent gains, and to exclusive transplant a pair of superior directors from India into the recent marketplace. The advantage is that Tata has capability to replace the expertness. The industry has a prospering federation with Italian bulk manufacturer fiat since 2006(Marketingteacher, 2010). This has improved the merchandise portfolio for Tata and fiat in conditions of generation and information change. For instance, the fiat polio elegance is started by Tata in 2007, and the parties have a contract to construct a select-upward that was aimed at middle and South America (Yoginvora, 2009). Weaknesses The industrys passenger motor-car commodities depends on 3rd and 4th production platforms, which places Tata motors limited at a demerit with opposing motor-car producers. It is frequently not recognized that in English the term tat implies garbage (Marketingteacher, 2010). Opportunities In the summer of 2008 Tata motors proclaimed that it have profitably purchased the Land Rover and Jaguar brands from fords motor (Marketingteacher, 2010). Two of the worlds comfort motor-car trademark have been joined to its portfolio of brands, and shall undoubtedly to the industry. The opportunity to marketplace automobiles in the comfort sector Tata motors limited adopted Daewoo motors marketable vehicle trade in 2004 for approximately used $160 lakhs (Marketingteacher, 2010). Nano is the cheapest motor-car in the world selling more than a motorbike. The recent and emerging industrial countries suchlike India, South Korea and china shall have a thirst for low-cost passenger and marketable automobiles. The stage of wonderful Milo fuel proficient buses is powered by wonderful-proficient, eco-friendly engines. The motorbus has optional biological grab with booster aid and best ambience intakes that shall decrease fuel expenditure by 10% (Marketingteacher, 2010). Threats Other opposing motor-car producers have been in the automobile industry for more than 40-50 years (Marketingteacher, 2010). Hence the Tata motors have to grasp in conditions of feature and lean generation. Sustainability and environmentalism would imply additional costs for this base-cost manufacturer. This would influence its underpinning spirited benefits. Apparently, as Tata globalizes and buys other brands this difficulty would be improved (Doole Lowe, 2005). Since the industry has concentrated on the marketable and little vehicle sectors, it has to explicit to the contest from abroad parties for the emerging Indian comfort sectors. Recently, in Pune city Mercedes Benz has decided to build 5000 car per year (Marketingteacher, 2010). Other participants of growing comfort cars aimed at the Indian marketplace that contains ford, Honda and Toyota. Growing companies in the international financial system which would pose a danger to Tata motors limited on a pair of faces. The rise in the cost of steel and aluminum is putting force on the costs of generation. The Tatas commodities which run on diesel fuel are turning very expensive for internationally and for inside its conventional domestic marketplace (Yoginvora, 2009). 6.3 Product strategies The product strategy that shall be accommodated direct product elongation that is trading the motor-car in an additional overseas marketplace unless some alteration was made. This is due to the products growth and its cost, constructing alters, or recent promotions (Bhanot, 2008). The Tata Nano cx, consisting of all the characteristics explained in the previous product study division, shall be traded with 3 yr guarantee or 100,000km guarantee, either approaches the initial stage. The company shall preface the Tata Nano lx since the subsequent annum, later than we have found our Tata trademark. The trademark and logo shall be showed on the motor-car as fine as in all trading sectors. 6.4 Branding Brands analyze the resource or producer of a product and permit the customers Persons or organisations which will allocate its problems for its activity to a specific producer. Marketing is endowing with commodities and facilities with the influence of a trademark. Its all about making dissimilarities among commodities. For marking plans to be prospering and trademark rate should be made, customers should be satisfied and there are significant dissimilarities between brands in the product or sustainable sort. In Tata nanos example, the marketing strategy is applied to the companies identity merged with single product names. This companys identity legitimizes and the identity individualizes the recent product (McDonald, 2007). 6.5 Marketing analysis Launching code is very essential for placing that the role of planning Tata Nano and picture to employ in New Zealand in the minds of the targeted marketplace. Launching code is also a single for the promotion plans to construct consciousness, via launching at common midpoint Tata motor shall preface the Tata Nano to marketplace. The company focus on trading operation that shall take position at all the IPTA and IPTS that can manage the convocation, by offering merchandise show and sign; and the people can have the knowledge with Tata Nano by rendering the chances to drive Tata Nano in the campus (Doore Lowe, 2005). For this operation, the title is better outlook with Tata Nano. In their processing existence however they cannot provide to purchase the too costly motor-car; multinational young people just want the motor-car that is under their financial system and by it in concise period for about 2-3 years for their adolescent existence in New Zealand. This is the cheapest cost by o ccasion or operation in the campus (Baden, 2008). Thus it can focus on lesser money team with module particularly these are arrived from New Zealand or India. By the e-mail, telephone, fax, email to intercommunicate with them. Low on historical, more of the Malay or India shall purchase the motor-car in some reasonable cost. Raya with Tata Nano can be the topic for our operation at this era, and boost the Tata Nano as the cheapest and security (Cadbury, 2008). After the arrival of Nano, New Zealand will have the mega trades due to the recent annum in the stop of the annum at altogether New Zealand thus that they have numerous people and shall move for purchasing. The company can manage the occasion at purchasing in midpoints. In New Zealand such as klcc, mid-valley, betrayal and sungai wang by offering merchandise show and sign (Bradley, 2005). Very soon most of the employees in New Zealand shall obtain the incentive in this era thus for buying influence will expand. The company shall perform the road display at each state (altogether New Zealand). The company can used the road display at the midpoint of the market such as the entire marketplace at all the state. Numerous people come to the marketplace for purchasing vegetable and essential entities. Among, them most of are ladies or housewife. Certain of them move to markets by motorcycle or by motorbus. So, they are aim trades for the company (Cadbury, 2008). The company can boost Tata Nano to it such as, Tata Nano is the cheapest motor-car in the world, obtain the Tata Nano to be latter motor-car for their module person particularly for their kids or senior root, simple existence with Tata Nano. Housewife or mother can move to market or anyplace by Tata Nano best than motorcycle or by motorbus for their total day-to-day issue more efficiently. When, the ladies obtain this news, they pass on others very instantly. This will support the company in boosting Tata Nano efficiently in the native com munity. At the road display, people also can obtain the knowledge regarding Tata Nano by having the chances to drive the Tata Nano motor-car. 7. Future Research To be successful, Tata Nano would be required to spend a handful of time in researching its target market. Firstly, it would be required to indentify what information is needed about its target audience, secondly, it is required to collect the essential data and finally to analyse the information which in return would help Tata Nano with its decision making. It is agreed that it is a matter of indentifying and understanding the customers choices, thoughts and behaviors which would play a large part in successfully launching its new product. Using the data collected, Tata Nano would be able to adjust or mould its product to make it most suitable for the customers experience. For the most effective approach, Tata Nano would be required to take a methodological approach to market research including qualitative and quantitative research. A qualitative approach could include the interviews of target consumers to see what opinions on the product are, this is normally done on a small scale to give a detailed response. A Quantitative approach would include random sampling of the target audience in the form of surveys or questionnaires. A mix of both forms of research should give them the information and knowledge to penetrate the market with their new product.

Importance Of Supply Chain Management To Organization Management Essay

Importance Of Supply Chain Management To Organization Management Essay Efficient supply chain management is the essential to being able to satisfy market demand and to do so in a way is profitable (Hugos, 2006). Supply chain management of the organization that enables them to deliver the best value to their consumers will generate a strong demand for the organization product or services. When information is shared in between supply chain networks, it can result a more efficient flow of goods and services (Anand Mendelson, 1997), reduced inventory level, and lower costs (Yu, Yan Cheng, 2001), which benefits the overall network. Hence, the organization can do mass manufacturing and mass customization that will offer competitive advantages given that the product life cycle if the product is improve because the organization will offer variety of product to different market segment and consumers preference. For example, Dell became the largest producer for personal computer in the world after they implemented the supply chain management to change their strategy by adopting a direct sales strategy, building every personal computer to order and shipping it directly to the customer (Klinker, Terrell Mahfouz, 2006). 2.2. Supply management 2.2.1. Communication, Trust commitment According to Towill, (1996) decision makers need to depend the overall of the process so they can manage the supply chain as one single company, to minimum uncertainty updated feed forward and feedback information flow coupled with optimal decision making. Hence, organization that trusted the supplier willing to communicate and allow information free flow among them to ease their businesses. Communicate with other organization within the supply chain management that controls their critical resources allow them to compete effectively in their environment (as cited in Samaddar, Nargundkar Daley, 2006). Moreover, supply chain management built on a foundation of trust and commitment among the supply chain members (Lee Billington, 1992). Commitment of partnership in the supply chain management will dedicated their resources to achieve the goal of the supply chain and their performance (Chen Paulraj, 2004). Organization is more and more rely on their trusted supplier to improve the product quality, produce the product faster and reduce the product price so they can compete with their competitors (Liker Choi, 2006). For example, Dell developed a strong relationship with both suppliers and the customers allow it to ensure those computer components are available from supplier to meet customer demand (Taylor, 2005). 2.2.2. Long-term relationships Supplier will become part of the supply chain and have a long relationship on the competiveness of the process of the supply chain with a good supply chain management (Choi Hartley, 1996) .Moreover, information sharing is an important aspect on incorporation and joint inter-organizational relationship (Huang, Lau Mak, 2003).Long-term relationship will create opportunity to capture the synergy of intra and intercompany integration and management (Lambert et al., 1997) Limitation of information in the supply chain will lead to Bullwhip effect such as unnecessary inventory investment, poor customer services, wrong capacity allocation, reduce revenue and missed production (Lee, Padmanabhan, Whang, 1997). Plan along the supply chain and coordinating information can control Bullwhip effect and improve their supply chain relationship and performance (Lee et al. 1997). According to P.Fiala, (2004) information exchange is a very important issue for coordinating actions. If member of the supply chain have free flow information it can reduced their lead time of information such as orders, demand and capacity forecast, point-of-sale data for the whole supply chain. (Lee, So Tang, 2000) find that the benefits of sales information sharing and identified the drivers that have significant impacts. Organization that have long term relationship from the supplier will obtains larger inventory or cost reduction when the demand is highly associated if the lead time is long. Eventually customer will receive a higher quality, cost-effective product in a shorter amount of time. For example, Chrysler Corporation cut their supplier base in half and brought the remaining supplier in on the design of a new generation cars and develop long term relationship based on trust. The long term relationship has helped the organization increase in profit (Braun, Guthrie, McCampbell, Sit). 2.3 Reduce cost Supply chain management system can influence the organization cost for administrative personnel and information purpose to plan and control the flow of inventory (Jonsson, 2008). So the efficiency of supply chain management can reduce the organization inventory and stock cost (Steckel, Gupta Banerji, 2004). The efficiency of the supply chain management allows the organization having the right good at the right time in a right place (Ketchen Hult, 2007). Therefore, organization can deliver their product according to agreement so it can reduce the shortage cost, delay cost arise when late delivery occur to compensate the customers. Besides, organization does not need to hold inventory can reduce their cost of storing their inventory at their warehouse. Without using warehouse organization can save the transportation cost from the warehouse to the organization. Moreover, the cost reduction of the production organization can create customer value by reducing the price of the end users product (Ketchen et al., 2007). For example, Apple Computer is making lose in 1997; Steve Jobs do some changes in the supply chain management has saved the organization by reducing the cost of inventory (Taylor, 2005) 4. Challenges of Supply Chain Management 4.1 Planning Appropriated plan of the supply chain management can get advantages, improperly handled will lead to tragic (Taylor, 2005). Accurate planning is important but planning error will lead to dramatically change in plans (Stadtler, 2004). For example, Kmart Corporation have planning error that the organization crippling its ability it match the price offered by Wal-Mart, the worse is when the organization able to lure back the customer but the supply chain not able to deliver to them in time. Due to the wrong forecast and planning Kmart is now bankrupt (Konicki, 2002). 4.3 Supplier attention Supply chain challenges include lack of supplier attention. While lack of supplier attention will cause late placed orders due to conflicting objectives and goal. Potential issues of vendors, late delivered and wrong delivered allow the project teams potential risks. Early obtaining material will minimize risk such as additional cost. Internal procurement issues also subject to supply chain management (Henrie, 2006). Due to this problem, company cannot managing well as when the material arrive, when the material should be purchase, and how many quantities should be purchase and when the material should be delivered. For example, NASA Company had experience this problem because the project will face shrinkage costs, breakage and additional cost for warehouse (Galluzzi, Zapata, Steele Weck). 4.4 Customer value Customers always change the value perception toward a product, so the organizations will response to the change or predict the change (Flint, 2004). Therefore, organization need to response toward the challenge by doing research on how the value perception of the customer change and improve their prediction and planning process. Competitive advantage can be gain if organization can predict their customer perception of the end user product (Slater, 1997).

Uncertified Teachers in Prince George’s County Schools :: essays papers

Uncertified Teachers in Prince George’s County Schools Prince George’s County has been the largest school district in Maryland for the past more than twenty years. However, as a result of under funding, compared to other Maryland public school districts, Prince George’s County sustains the second highest percentage of uncertified teachers in the state. The lack of certified teachers has left lasting negative effects on the Prince George’s county school system. This problem goes much deeper than Prince George’s County, uncertified teacher are being allowed into the classroom all over the country and have been for the last couple of decades, mainly due to teacher shortages. By definition "a qualified teacher is expected to have a broad background of general education as well as professional preparation."(Teacher) it has never been considered satisfactory for a student to complete on 60% of material taught, why should it be different for teachers? In the early 1980s during a teacher shortage graduates of teacher education programs had lower levels of academic achievement than most college graduates and were still allowed to teach. In 1991-92, 16,000 teachers nationwide were uncertified. Currently, 37 of 39 states employ waivers, which allow failing teachers into classrooms. Past attempts at solutions were Teachers for America, Experimental Certification of Ethnic Colleagues for Elementary Schools, provisional certification, and emergency certification. Teachers for America is a very easy, "six week crash course in teacher survival skills taught primarily by teachers from their troubled placement sites."(Roth, 220) These teachers are said to bring "enthusiasm and intellect" to the classroom. In inner city and urban school systems, where most of the student body is poor and in the greatest need of good teachers, the TFA teachers are installed. While TFA is a good idea and puts teachers in classrooms, some say that the children who are being used as guinea pigs for this experimental teacher training are suffering. However, after receiving praise from some major cities, its training program was approved in 1995 and it "received $2 million from AmeriCorps, President Clinton’s national service initiative."(Mosle, 3) Experimental Certification of Ethnic Colleagues for Elementary Schools (E3) was an effort to "increase the representation of males and people of color on teaching staffs of elementary schools,"(Shade, 261) in response to teacher shortages. This solution was implemented for three years and was very successful. Provisional certification is given to a person who has been certified in another state and has passed the Praxis II, "but who needs one or two courses Maryland requires for teachers.

Technology :: essays research papers

Technology Recently while having a get together with some friends we were relating some experiences that seem quite pertinent to the subject of how communication is or will change. David the son of my friend Jackie was at a loss when told to call home. It seems our young guest had never had to use a rotary telephone. Confronted with this icon of past technology, David went away with a new experience to tell his friend about. Another guest, upon hearing of David's story told of a similar experience she'd had. It seems that Loretta had given her son a watch for Christmas. This wristwatch, complete with hands and a face was foreign to her son Tommy who has had the time electronically flashed at him in numeric form for all of his life without the need to know how to tell time conventionally. So it seems in this day and age, that the old continues to be replaced by the newer and faster technology. We in turn have a need to learn newer and faster ways of dealing with these new technologies. Technology grows and the more it grows the faster it grows. Yet with this technology we can learn how to decrease our work time while increasing our productivity. We have definitely come a long way from the pony express and telegraph. With current technological advancements it is now possible to communicate across the planet instantaneously, thanks to things like fiber optics, e-mail, and satellites all of which make this possible. With the invention of the printing press and the first book in print came the birth of the information age. Accompanying the birth of the information age was an explosion of new technological advances designed to improve how we communicate. With the birth of the twentieth century we've seen a drastic growth in the way we communicate with each other. With cellular telephones, personal computers, palm pilots, and online shopping. These advancements have all been designed to save us time, and help us communicate with one another. These are the tools of the "wired world", which in turn encourages our interaction and participation. And in fact make our lives much easier. While the next generation will without a doubt, find themselves lost without these technological wonders, we at the other end find it a little unsettling.

A Shot that Ricocheted through History Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å" A Shot That Ricocheted Through History†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Medgar Evers was a man who was not afraid to stand up for what he believed in. He believed that one-day blacks and whites would be able to associate with each other without racial interference. He would later die for what he believed and leave an example for all who was following in his path. The man believed to have shot him was tried three times and finally convicted in the third trial nearly thirty years after his death. Evers was seen as a martyr for all black to look up to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As civil rights began to gain attention of the United States, blacks decided they needed to change their approach from court cases to a more nonviolent approach. On August 28, 1963, the movement reached its strongest points. They made a march at Washington D. C., and wanted to federal civil rights legislation to give them equal rights. This is where Martin Luther King gave his famous â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech. King believed that most whites were basically decent and when faced by love would allow injustice and brutality to continue. (Jordan) The nonviolent approach would prove to be a better approach for them in later times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When blacks began charging their approach, they began preferring sit-ins. This all started at a public lunch counter at F. W. Woolsworth’s in Greensboro, North Carolina and began to spread to all public land counties across the south. As sit-ins became more common, they moved to other public places such as parks, movie theatres, swimming pools, libraries, lobbies, and many other segregated facilities. After several months of sit-ins, they began to become desegregated. Blacks also began a strong movement to get public schools desegregated as well. They finally succeeded with Ole Miss, when they accepted James Meredith into the school. President Kennedy also tried to help blacks by approaching the problem with caution. He did this by encouraging company with government contracts to hire black Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On July 2, 1925 in Decatur, Ms, a black man by the name of Medgar Wiley Evers was born. Until he joined the Army in 1943, he attended school in Decatur. He served Normandy and to Alcorn to pursue his college education in which he majored in business administration. While there, he participated in many school... ...egacy of Evers is everywhere present today. This peaceful man, who had constantly urged that violence is not the way ,but paid for his beliefs with his life, was a prominent voice of struggle for civil rights in Mississippi.† Many people, including his wife paid tribute to him into years past. His wife wrote a book called For Us, The Living, but the best is said to be, Mississippi, Black History Makers. Ten years after his death it was recorded that there had been one hundred and forty five black officials elected to office in Mississippi, and that there was a black student in each of the states private schools. In 1970, the Department of Health, Education, and welfare said that twenty-six percent of black people in the Mississippi public schools system with at least fifty percent white enrollment. In 1913, there were only twenty eight thousand blacks registered voters, and by 1971 there were two hundred and fifty thousand. Even in 1982, there were five hundred thousand. (J DP) Though the hard work and struggle of one man was ended with death, the changed be brought about are still evident today. This has only made Mississippi a better and more peaceful place to live for all races. A Shot that Ricocheted through History Essay -- essays research papers â€Å" A Shot That Ricocheted Through History†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Medgar Evers was a man who was not afraid to stand up for what he believed in. He believed that one-day blacks and whites would be able to associate with each other without racial interference. He would later die for what he believed and leave an example for all who was following in his path. The man believed to have shot him was tried three times and finally convicted in the third trial nearly thirty years after his death. Evers was seen as a martyr for all black to look up to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As civil rights began to gain attention of the United States, blacks decided they needed to change their approach from court cases to a more nonviolent approach. On August 28, 1963, the movement reached its strongest points. They made a march at Washington D. C., and wanted to federal civil rights legislation to give them equal rights. This is where Martin Luther King gave his famous â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech. King believed that most whites were basically decent and when faced by love would allow injustice and brutality to continue. (Jordan) The nonviolent approach would prove to be a better approach for them in later times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When blacks began charging their approach, they began preferring sit-ins. This all started at a public lunch counter at F. W. Woolsworth’s in Greensboro, North Carolina and began to spread to all public land counties across the south. As sit-ins became more common, they moved to other public places such as parks, movie theatres, swimming pools, libraries, lobbies, and many other segregated facilities. After several months of sit-ins, they began to become desegregated. Blacks also began a strong movement to get public schools desegregated as well. They finally succeeded with Ole Miss, when they accepted James Meredith into the school. President Kennedy also tried to help blacks by approaching the problem with caution. He did this by encouraging company with government contracts to hire black Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On July 2, 1925 in Decatur, Ms, a black man by the name of Medgar Wiley Evers was born. Until he joined the Army in 1943, he attended school in Decatur. He served Normandy and to Alcorn to pursue his college education in which he majored in business administration. While there, he participated in many school... ...egacy of Evers is everywhere present today. This peaceful man, who had constantly urged that violence is not the way ,but paid for his beliefs with his life, was a prominent voice of struggle for civil rights in Mississippi.† Many people, including his wife paid tribute to him into years past. His wife wrote a book called For Us, The Living, but the best is said to be, Mississippi, Black History Makers. Ten years after his death it was recorded that there had been one hundred and forty five black officials elected to office in Mississippi, and that there was a black student in each of the states private schools. In 1970, the Department of Health, Education, and welfare said that twenty-six percent of black people in the Mississippi public schools system with at least fifty percent white enrollment. In 1913, there were only twenty eight thousand blacks registered voters, and by 1971 there were two hundred and fifty thousand. Even in 1982, there were five hundred thousand. (J DP) Though the hard work and struggle of one man was ended with death, the changed be brought about are still evident today. This has only made Mississippi a better and more peaceful place to live for all races.

America’s Present Judicial Structure

America’s judicial system is one of the most well known all over the world. In many countries, people of the state are not given as much opportunity to seek legal redress, or defend one’s self. In the United States, accusers and defendants alike are given the same rights in court regardless of their social standing. I can say that Americans are living with such a great privilege to be able to live with a judicial system and constitution that uphold the inherent rights of every citizen.However, I believe that anything that is created good has the tendency or potential to digress from its original purpose, and as time goes by, may deteriorate or become corrupted. The Founding Fathers have set a constitution that would be the basis for judicial proceedings in the land. They are honest, trustworthy and honorable men. They envisioned a state that upholds the truth and executes justice. But as the generations continue to pass by, there is no guarantee that every judge in the Federal and State courts will have the same integrity as the ones who framed the laws in the past.Thus, the first weakness that I can see in America’s judicial structure is that, if corruption penetrates it, the very laws that uphold the dignity of every human being will be left to the interpretation and disposal of the men who are corrupt. Various literature and entertainment media has portrayed this exact problem of the judicial system. For example, the 1996 movie entitled â€Å"City Hall†, (starring Al Pacino and John Cusack) portrays the high possibility of corruption in the judiciary.In the movie, a judge in the highest court of New York participates in the manipulation of the law, and instead of convicting a guilty man, let him go and hid the documents considered as evidence. As the story unfolds, it became clear that the city mayor was the one who influenced the judge to do the act because it is in the best interest of some wealthy businessmen who helped the may or with his political career. Although this is a fictional story, I can say that there is always fire under the smoke. In real American life, politics has a major impact on the judiciary.If the above statement is true, then there really is a possibility that the executive branch can influence the decisions of the judiciary by applying political pressure. So much has been said about the separation and independence of the branches of government from each other, but in some cases (especially high profile cases and those that stir political interests), the judiciary is highly vulnerable to the influence of the political world. I believe the current judicial structure has not exceeded its constitutional powers, but it is more powerful than what the framers of the constitution originally intended.For example, the Federal court is known as the guardian of the constitution. It is within its power to interpret the law written in the past, and apply it to present day circumstances. Thus, the people who interpret the law are more powerful than the law itself. Although members of the judiciary system are working within the limits and bounds set by the constitution, the constitution itself gives them the power to interpret and execute the law. This means that with the enormous power in their hands, it is easy to neglect true justice by using legal technicalities.Interpretation of the law is a rather difficult task because the constitution is vague and ambiguous in many ways. Some law scholars believe that the Constitution purposely remains vague in order to be timeless and applicable to all circumstances. Some believe that the constitution should be followed literally and word for word, and if there are vague areas in it, should be changed or amended to be more precise. This ambiguity in the constitution makes way for the neglect of true justice because each trial lawyer interprets the law in a manner that suits his client’s advantage.Because of the vagueness of the constitution, the courtroom often becomes more of a battleground of who is the better lawyer, than a battleground between right and wrong. For example, a person accused of trampling animal rights by offering sheep and goats as sacrifices, may also be acquitted on the grounds of the freedom of religion. The final verdict, however, will depend on who is the better lawyer, more skilled at applying legal technicalities, and more skilled at interpreting the law in a way that suits the taste of the jury.This basic problem of the American justice system was portrayed in another film entitled, â€Å"The Devil’s Advocate†, where a young lawyer has never lost a single case in his entire life, even though his clients are obviously guilty. There is no other way to solve this judicial problem than to amend the constitution itself. In my opinion, there is no need to change the laws that are written by the constitution framers of old. However, modern applications to the said laws sh ould constantly be added to suit the changing needs of society and modern life.Lessening the ambiguity of the constitution will make way for fairer decisions in the court and ensure that guilty men are punished and the innocent are rewarded with freedom. Needless to say, judges must maintain a high standard of integrity to avoid corruption within the judicial system. Corruption can bring down even the strongest of judicial systems. It did once, for the Roman government. In essence, it is still the American people and not the judiciary who has the power to issue a final verdict. Our jury system was created to ensure that courtroom decisions are impartial, and that the citizens of the nation still have the final say.Jurors are chosen from different walks of life and given the responsibility and duty of executing justice. This is a reflection of true democracy and I believe it is one of the major strengths of the American judicial system. Bibliography: City Hall. Dir. Harold Becker. Pe rf. Al Pacino, John Cusack, Bridget Fonda, Danny Aiello, and David Paymer. 1996. DVD. Touchstone, 2001 MegaEssays. com. â€Å"Federal and State Court Structures and Jurisdiction†. 1 October 2007. The Devil’s Advocate. Dir. Taylor Hackford. Perf. Keanu Reeves, Al Pacino and Charlize Theron. Warner Brothers Pictures, 1997.

Read Recite Review

Read-Recite-Review consider A critical analysis 3R atomic number 18a outline Nicole Turnbull Transition to University record SSS021 Roy Sanders 13 March 2013 Transition to University Study SSS021 Roy Sanders 13 March 2013 Mark A. McDonald, Daniel C. Howard and Gillies O. mavin (2009). The Read-Recite-Review Study Effective and Portable. A Journal of the friendship for Psychological Science, Vol 20 No 4, 516 522.There are numerous strategies utilize by students for skill and rec whollying discipline from various sources of educational texts. The cover (Mark A. McDonald, 2009) provides evidence why the landing field dodging 3R Read-Recite-Review produces mnemonic benefits that exceed those of none-taking and re class period. Two experiments were conducted, students were instructed to guide specific pieces of text utilise every reread only (control group), read and set out notes (control group) or follow the process of the read-recite-review dodging.The durabil ity and efficiency of the theatre of operations strategies were assessed by measure the time taken to complete the exercise process and by comparing the provides of immediate and delayed testing which utilised let go call, tenfold survival and pitiful wait ons to tour of duty the amount of information retained. Experiment 1 required students to read factual, simple and short passages which proved that the 3R strategy was more streamlined using free call of information both immediately and delayed, however these benefits did not show in the results for both multiple choice nd short answer tests. Experiment 2 involved students reading all-night and more complex passages, results back up those found in experiment 1. to boot the second experiment found 3R secure over rereading for both multiple choice and problem solving. The results from both experiments concluded that the 3R strategy may promote a cabalistic learning of materials, having benefits beyond improving rete ntion. The tuition clearly demonstrated that the 3R strategy is an efficient and effective debate strategy when used in a controlled laboratory setting.However, the study was unable to establish if the motivation train of students would weaken the processing benefits of the strategy. As Daniel, Howard and Einstein state if learners are in a more motivating setting and thus are more conscientious in their study activities, would the effects of 3R be attenuate? The experiments were performed using psychology students who come ind either as part of a course urgency or for money, however students in all fields of study utilise study strategies.The motivation of students is again questioned as the I believe the personal benefit would be greater in a touchable life setting as impertinent to receiving a monetary value to participate with no personal impact from the result achieved. Therefore I think the study should be repeated using a range of students from various courses/fields of study, using more real life motivators. In addition, I suggest testing the 3R strategy using spaced presentations of learning materials as opposed to information being presented in one sitting in influence to test the effectiveness on longer term retention.