Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Business accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business accounting - Essay Example This essay discusses that the company, if considered from an angle of investing is quite stable and rewarding but its position in the capital market, London Stock Exchange, in this case, is a little bit skeptical. This is because of its abnormal Price to Earnings Ratio in 2011 of more than 890 times which has decreased from a massive 1043 times in the previous year. This means that the company’s share is trading at 890 times its earnings which depict Next as a very expensive share but in contrast to the previous year, its share has gone through a discount with a reduced P/E ratio. The normal practice in the market is of buying shares with a P/E ratio of maximum 20 times but in this case, speculation seems to have happened in the market.The company, on an overall basis, is quite stable and it has formulated, planned and implemented quite efficient and effective policies to retain its competitiveness in the market domestically as well as internationally. The company’s new growth opportunities are encouraging and if this pace is consistently attained in the future, the company can perform even better and expand effectively. But the company has to prepare for even deteriorating times to come ahead with adverse situations ranging from inflation, rising interest rates, a weakening Euro and fluctuations in other currencies, increasing competition and switching customer preferences and demand. Overall, the company is a good choice to be invested in, taking into account its considerable dividend payout ratio.... Liquidity Analysis Talking about liquidity, the company is performing fine but in contrast to the previous year, it has lacked in some areas. The current and quick ratios have decreased by 0.092 and 0.127 from 2010 to 2011 showing a decrease in liquidity and this is mainly because of a larger increase in current liabilities compared to current assets. Moreover, inventories have increased from a considerable 19.19% from ?309 million to ?368.3 million in 2011, mainly due to the company’s policy of fulfilling market demand and solving out supplier constraints by buying stocks way earlier than required. Though the cash available before share and bond buybacks is a considerable ?92 million, the company has less cash liquidity available in 2011 with a decrease of more than 60% in the cash and cash equivalents balance and the cash ratio falling from 9.83% to only 3.66%. This might obstruct the company in opening and extending new stores and repurchasing more shares in the upcoming ye ar, which has been forecasted at aggressive levels. However, this cash balance can increase in the following year with the rise in the trend of cash customers relative to credit customers or account holders especially in the case of Next Directory; this will in turn definitely decrease the level of accounts receivable and bad debts (CPAClass.com 2011). The manner of collection of receivables and payments to creditors has remained almost the same from 2010 to 2011. But as the inventories have risen, the inventory conversion period has escalated from 47 days to 55 days, which has in turn helped in increasing the cash conversion cycle from 30 to 42 days.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Islamic Unit Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Islamic Unit Study Guide Essay In Arabic, the word â€Å"Islam† means submission or surrender, it is derived from the root word â€Å"salam† in which you can also derive the root words peace and safety. 2. What is Zamzam? The name of the holy well located in Mecca believed to be revealed when Abraham’s infant son Ishmael kicked the ground desperate for water. Millions of Muslims today drink from the well while performing their pilgrimage to Mecca 3. What is the Ka’bah? One of the most sacred sites in Islam, it is a large marble structure located in the middle of al Masjid al Haram (Sacred Mosque). It’s said to be built by Abraham and his son Ishmael to dedicate to Allah, and also houses the sacred Black Stone. No matter where you are, Muslims supposed to be facing the direction of Kaaba when in prayer. 4. Fully describe the role Abraham played in Islam. Ibrahim is considered to be the father of both Arabs and of Jews according to Muslims. It’s also believed that he is neither a Jew nor a Muslim, but somebody who is a hernif somebody who essentially and intrinsically knows that there is really only one God. Much of what Islamic tradition is about, along with rituals such as the Hajj stem from the pre-Islamic era and are translated into Islamic rituals through Ibrahim. The Kaaba was built because God spoke to Ibrahim about constructing a sacred house for God. 5. When was Muhammad born? 570 AD, Mecca 6. What did Muhammad dislike about his birthplace, Mecca? It was filled with idol worship and when he was assigned by God to call people to Islam per God revelation of Quran to him, the disbelievers disliked his views against discrimination. The people of Mecca were steeped in their ways and opposed Muhammad and his small group of followers in every way. 7. Describe the â€Å"Night of Power† and how Muhammad became the Messenger of God. The Lailat ul-Qadr or â€Å"Night of Power† is the night in which the Holy Quran is revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. At the age of 40, while engaged in a meditative retreat, Muhammad received his first revelation from God through the Archangel Gabriel. Muhammad began to recite the words he heard from Gabriel and to preach the truth which God had revealed to him. . What is the â€Å"Night Journey? † Be sure to include in your answer a discussion of Isra and Miraj. The Night Journey starts out with the Isra, where Gabriel presents to Muhammad the heavenly winged steed called the Buraq. With the Buraq, he then journeys to the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem where he met and prayed with Prophets Moses, Abraham, Jesus, and John. Gabriel then gives Muhammad the decision to dri nk the wine or milk, Muhammad chooses the milk which fulfills the prophecy. After this, is the Miraj, where Muhammad is ascended into heaven and passes the seven heavenly realms, where he meets God. 9. What is the significance of Medina? It’s considered the first Islamic Republic and is the location of the first Mosque built 10. Describe in detail the Five Pillars of Islam:  · Shahada : It is the declaration of belief in the oneness of God and acceptance of Muhammad as Gods prophet.  · Salat : The practice of formal worship to Allah  · Zawat :  · Sawm : Arabic word for fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. In the terminology of Islamic law, the observance of sawm during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan.  · Hajj : the pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim is required to make at least once in his life, provided he has enough money and the health to do so 11. Briefly describe the conflict between the Sunni and Shi’ite Muslims. The schism occurred when the Islamic prophet Muhammad died in the year 632, leading to a dispute over succession to Muhammad as a caliph of the Islamic community spread across various parts of the world which led to the Battle of Siffin. Sectarian violence persists to this day from Pakistan to Yemen and is a major element of friction throughout the Middle East. 12. What does â€Å"caliph† mean? The chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad. 13. What is an â€Å"Imam? † The title of a Muslim leader or chief 14. Describe in detail the holy writings of Islam:  · Qur’an : the sacred text of Islam, divided into 114 chapters, or suras: revered as the word of God, dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel, and accepted as the foundation of Islamic law, religion, culture, and politics. Hadith : Hadith is the collection of the Prophet Muhammad’s statements and actions coupled with the statements and actions of his companions believed to have been collected 150 years after Muhammad’s death, and it is the basis of jurisprudence for Islamic or Sharia law. Muslims classify hadith in four different categories. The first three categories refer specifically to Muhammad. Awl are the transmissions of Muhammad’s statements, filiare the transmission of Muhammad’s deeds or actions, and taqrir are the actions or deeds of the Prophet’s companions or others that Muhammad has approved of. The fourth category of classification is qudsi, which are the Prophet’s words, inspired by Allah, that are not recorded in the Quran.  · Sharia : the moral code and religious law of Islam. Sharia deals with many topics addressed by secular law, including crime, politics, and economics, as well as personal matters such as sexual intercourse, hygiene, diet, prayer, and fasting. Though interpretations of sharia vary between cultures, in its strictest definition it is considered the infallible law of God—as opposed to the human interpretation of the laws 15. Describe in detail the Aqida. Be sure to include the six articles of the faith. 16. Explain the concept of Jihad. Be sure to include the meaning of the word â€Å"Jihad,† and the distinction between â€Å"Lesser Jihad† and â€Å"Greater Jihad. † 17. What is the meaning of the Star and Crescent Moon, the symbol of Islam? The crescent moon and star symbol pre-dates Islam by several thousand years when polytheism was the majority in the Middle East. The crescent and star are often said to be Islamic symbols, but historians say that they were the insignia of the Ottoman Empire, not of Islam as a whole. 8. What is the Aqiqa? Islamic practice of shaving the head of the newborn male and contributing the weight in silver for charity as well as 2 lambs. One lamb is slaughtered for a baby girl. 19. Briefly define the following groups:  · Nation of Islam : an organization composed chiefly of American blacks, advocating the teachings of Islam and originally favoring the se paration of races: members are known as Black Muslims.  · Wahabi : a follower of ? Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792), who stringently opposed all practices not sanctioned by the Koran. The Wahhabis, founded in the 18th century, are the most conservative Muslim group and are today found mainly in Saudi Arabia.   The Twelvers : the largest branch of Shi’ite Islam. Adherents of Twelver Shi’ism are commonly referred to as Twelvers, which is derived from their belief in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as the Twelve Imams, and their belief that the Mahdi will be none other than the returned Twelfth Imam who disappeared and is believed by Twelvers to be in occultation. 20. Define the following terms:  · Arabia Peninsula of southwest Asia between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Politically, it includes Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait. Arabia has an estimated one third of the worlds oil reserves.  · Allah Islamic word for God  · Ishmael Son of Abraham  · Muslim A believer and follower of the teachings by the Prophet Muhammad  · Mecca City is Saudi Arabia, the religious centre for one of the five pillars of pilgrimage (hajj)  · Abu Bakr One of the close companions of Prophet Muhammad and the first caliph  · Khailifahs Muslim religion leaders or chiefs Mosque Muslim house of worship  · Ramadan The ninth month of the year in the Islamic calendar, a time of fasting.  · Hajj The religious pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the five pillars of Islam  · Sufism Islamic mysticism  · Ali Cousin and son in law of Prophet Muhammad, a caliph  ·  · Hidden Imam Twelver Shii doctrine holds that the twelfth imam did not die but went into a spiritual form of existence known as occultation, and will return at the end of time as a messianic Mahdi to restore justice and equity on earth. The sacred dress of Muslim pilgrims, consisting of two lengths of white cotton, one wrapped around the loins, the other thrown over the left shoulder.  · Kafir Infidel or pagan  · Id Al-Fitr A festival that ends the fast of Ramadan  · Id Al-Adha Commemorates Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son Ishmael  · Sunnah The way of life prescribed by the normative of Islam  · Tawhid Asserting and maintaining the divine unity, Islams central doctrine.  · Ummah Means â€Å"the people† in Arabic, it refers to collective community of Islam peoples

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Madness and Fear in Assignation, Cask of Admontillado, Fall of the Hous

Madness and Fear in Assignation, Cask of Admontillado, Fall of the House of Usher, and Masque of the Red Death Poe’s madmen are all obsessed with death. Existence within reality eventually becomes impossible. Poe usually places his madmen within a room or other enclosure, but they are rarely ever outside. When we do come across an exterior, nature does its best to repress, confine and enclose the man. The protagonist in Poe’s â€Å"The Assignation† sums up the combination of time and space within Poe’s stories and says, â€Å"I have †¦ framed for myself †¦ a bower of dreams. Properties of place, and especially of time, are the bugbears which terrify mankind from the contemplation of the magnificent† (301). The mental state of the character produces the setting and atmosphere, which usually results in the manifestation of that which is feared. The character manipulates his environment and uses tangible buildings and their contents as talismans or charms to outwit death. However, while the madman may try to circumvent death, it is actually the experi ence of dying that he fears, and despite his best intentions, death comes anyway. â€Å"The Cask of Admontillado† features the madman Montressor who seeks relief from his tormentor, and plans the perfect crime, â€Å"to punish with impunity† (274). Montressor painstakingly formulates the plan to rid himself of Fortunato, his tactless and unsuspecting friend. The fact that the crime is detailed meticulously in â€Å"Cask† is odd considering the narrator’s obsession with planning the perfect crime and his equal obsession with the absence of detection. Does the anxious tone in the confession-like story indicate that Montressor falls victim to his own perfect crime and awaits execution? In his confession, Mo... ...sity Press, 1987. 177-214. Kinkead-Weekes, Mark. â€Å"Reflections On, and In ‘The Fall of the House of Usher.’† Edgar Allan Poe: The Design of Order. Ed. A Robert Lee. New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1987. 17-65. Poe, Edgar Allan. â€Å"The Assignation.† The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Hervey Allen. New York: Parkway Printing Company, 1938. 293-302. Poe, Edgar Allan. â€Å"The Cask of Admontillado.† The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Hervey Allen. New York: Parkway Printing Company, 1938. 274-79. Poe, Edgar Allan. â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher.† The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Hervey Allen. New York: Parkway Printing Company, 1938. 231-45. Poe, Edgar Allan. â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death.† The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Hervey Allen. New York: Parkway Printing Company, 1938. 269-73.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Disater Management Essay

Disaster Resistant Construction Practices Introduction Disaster Resistant construction practices are as important as disaster resistant structrual designs. Infact the methodology for construction also should be designed for disaster resistance. We should have proper implemenation of the structural details so as to let the structure behave as envisiged. The quality and methodology of construction is equally important. For example we use cover blocks. If the cover blocks are not cast properly in good quality concrete then they facilitate concrete deterioration. Ultimately this affects durability and serviceablity of the structure. The Durability and serviceablity are the key elements of any structure. Ensuring Quality in construction will enable achieving durability and serviceablity as a desired end result. Openings too close to corners Too high and long walls Use of Cut Lintels Usually a building comprises of: 1. Walls 2. Openings 3. Foundation 4. Plinth 5. Beams/Columns 6. Roof / Slabs Deficient Bond at corners Parts of a Building Differential settlement due to soft soil.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Learning experience paper acrophobia Essay

Have you ever been on top of a large building and were too afraid to look over the side? Have you ever climbed a really tall tree and were too afraid to climb down? I have, when I was younger I climbed a really tall tree and when I got to the top I looked down, I was too afraid to climb back down. What I was experiencing was a fear of heights know as acrophobia. Acrophobia (n.d.) according to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is an abnormal dread of being in a high place: fear of heights. I believe that most people become a little scared when it comes to heights. There is nothing wrong with having acrophobia to an extent. It is a defense mechanism our bodies use to stop us from walking off cliffs. The problem is when a natural instinct becomes paranoia. For example, someone who has acrophobia would be scared, nervous, and or panic inside a safe environment like a skyscraper. Symptoms There are many symptoms of the fear of heights (acrophobia) that may occur when up on a tall building or high place. Many people with acrophobia can become dizzy, excessive sweating, nausea, sick to their stomachs, shaking, dry mouth, and unable to speak. One of the main symptoms of acrophobia is fear of dying. Some of these symptoms can then turn into a full blown anxiety attack. â€Å"Discomfort anxiety tends to be specific to certain uncomfortable or dangerous situations- and consequently shows up in such phobias as fear of heights† (Ellis, 2003, p.83). It is only believed that between 2 and 5 percent of the world’s population actually suffers from acrophobia, and that twice as many woman are affected by acrophobia then men. A common misconception with the fear of heights is people calling it vertigo. Vertigo happens to people when they are on a tall building and look down from the top. Vertigo is a sensation that causes a person to feel like  they are spinning eve n though they are not. So even though vertigo occurs to a lot of people when they high in the air, it does not mean they are afraid of heights. Some Causes What causes people to become afraid of heights? Some psychologist believe that the fear of heights enters your life from something that happened in your past. Psychologist believe that it is caused by some emotional trauma that has to do with heights. For example a person who is suffering from acrophobia may have fallen out of a tall tree when they were little. It is also believed that this condition can be triggered by trauma seen in a movie, television, or a real life event involving another person that has to do with heights. Research and Studies There has been some research done on the fear of heights. Psychologists by the name of Gibson and Walk did an experiment in 1960 called â€Å"Visual Cliff†. The â€Å"Visual Cliff† experiment was an experiment to see if babies who were still crawling would cross a thick piece of glass that covered a steep drop off. They then put the mother on the other side of the drop off to call the baby over to the other side. Even with the mother calling the crawling babies to come to them, the babies still did not cross over the glass. This experiment shows that most humans if not all humans have acrophobia at least partially ingrained in our genetics. I believe this is part of our survival instincts. The Cure Many people who are suffering from acrophobia are often prescribed medications to help them out with their fear of heights. Medications will not actually cure someone of their fears it only masks them. In some cases the side effects of the drugs may be worse than a fear of heights. One of the best treatments for acrophobia is cognitive behavior therapy. Cognitive behavior therapy involves exposing a person to heights and helping them develop coping skills that will help them increase their confidence and change their thought process towards heights. How I would go about my fear of heights is by actually facing my fears. I would take baby steps when facing this fear. I would find a tall building, I would go to the top of it,  and I would then would walk as close to the edge as I could before the fear overcomes me. I would then mark that spot on the ground, I would then come back the next day and take 1 step closer. I would keep that up each day until I get to the edge, and each day I would tell myself to trust my body and building there is nothing to be afraid of. I believe this would be the best approach for me to overcome my fear of heights. Conclusion Suffering from acrophobia can be something that is hard for a person to deal with. I do believe that we all have a fear of heights, it may be very minute but I do believe we all have it. I think the only way to cure a phobia or fear is to face them. I personally know facing fears is very hard to do but once I overcome the fear it was an incredible feeling. References Ellis, A. (2003). Discomfort anxiety: A new cognitive-behavioral construct (part I). Journal of Rational – Emotive & Cognitive – Behavior Therapy, 21(3-4), 183. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/220282433?accountid=458 Acrophobia. In Merriam-Webster Dictionary online. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acrophobia

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Persuasive power of the media essays

Persuasive power of the media essays The current boom in television has spawned new types of media, from digital set top boxes for your TV to digital pay TV that acts more like a computer with a database of movies; Phones that can receive streaming video will only get faster and more efficient. Global conglomerates like fox bringing us television from lots of countries around the world. As the current television market in Australia is being flooded by American Television Australia is fighting back with digital Television bring a wider range of free television owned by Australia. This gives users more options that regular free TV in the hope that Australia will stay individual. But to fight back Foxtel, the bringer of most American television brought out digital Foxtel, giving the user even more options, like having a library of television shows you can watch at your leisure. Foxtel turning digital is a big step forward in Australias forms of media. It increases the amount of television we watch and the price we pay for it. It also brings in more TV from around the world, so it is also a step forward in Australia becoming very American. Network television is already very American but digital Foxtel just steps it up to a new level and reinforces the Americanization of Australian television. Foxtel is owned by one man, Rupert Murdoch. He is an Australian turned American. He started his career making newspapers but by the 1980s he bought 20th Century Fox, Fox as well as many others like newspapers and Foxtel. He is a main reason that Australia is becoming Americanized through the way TV implies values upon us, American values from American sitcoms. Local TV stations are slowly being wiped out. Local television station ACE TV lost its license and therefore could no longer broadcast. That was the last completely local Adelaide television station and was a free voice in Adelaide. The leaving of these local stations removes a lot of the sense t ...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation

Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation Introduction Alcohol and drug abuse is one of the major health and social challenges faced by a number of European countries such as United Kingdom and the United States of America. Prolonged use of drugs and alcohol usually results into drug addiction, which has severe effects on the health of the drug user. For instance, drug addicts often suffer from intense and irrepressible craving for drugs despite the repercussions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the European countries like UK and America have adopted health policies intended to reduce drug abuse and achieve harm reduction. Harm reduction involves lessening the risks associated with using contaminated drug injection equipment. This paper examines some of the approaches adopted by the European nations and USA government in an attempt to reduce drug and alcohol abuse. Some of the initiativ es include needle exchange and methadone maintenance. Needle Exchange The needle exchange program is an initiative that aims at reducing the harm associated with sharing needles and syringes among injection drug users (IDUs) whereby the IDUs get a chance to acquire hypodermic needles, as well as, injection equipment at a subsidized cost or free of charge. In some instances, the injection drug users are usually required to submit used needles to acquire an equivalent amount of new injection equipment. The needle exchange program also aims at reducing the rate of improper disposal of used drug injection equipment. Other services and materials provided by the needle exchange program include HIV and Hepatitis C testing, guidance and counseling, needle containers, and alcohol swabs. Proponents of harm reduction â€Å"believe that the needle exchange program provides a social benefit in reducing health costs†. For instance, the needle and syringe exchange program has helped to redu ce the rate of HIV infection among the injection drug users in the UK, which is the pioneer of needle and syringe exchange program. Through the exchange programs, nurses are able to share information with the IDUs about HIV infection, thereby helping to prevent physical transmission of HIV. The realization of positive results in the use of needle exchange has promoted its spread to other European countries.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally the supporters of the exchange programs argue that the needle exchange program not only protect the injection drug users but also their families and relatives. Despite the benefits associated with needle exchange programs, there are also critics who have given various opposing opinions. For instance, opponents of the needle exchange program view the initiative as a waste of money because it promotes the use of drugs at t he expense of spreading the massage of drug abstinence. Additionally, the critics believe that the needle exchange initiative promotes drug dealings because the IDUs get a chance to acquire extra injection equipment, which they can sell and use the income to purchase more drugs. Therefore, as much as the needle exchange program helps in reducing the risks associated with sharing drug injection needles, it also promotes continuous use of the drugs, thereby posing more challenge to the fight against drug abuse. Methadone Maintenance Whereas the needle exchange programs aim at harm reduction among the IDUs, methadone maintenance enables the IDUs to reduce the use of drugs or totally recover from drug injection practices. â€Å"Methadone is a synthetic agent that works by occupying the brain receptor sites affected by heroine and other opiates† (CDC, 2002). For example, methadone enables IDUs to have lesser craving for opiates, reduce withdrawal symptoms, and enables the IDUs to function normally. Individuals are supposed to take a dose of methadone on a daily basis. In most countries like UK, methadone is usually administered in the dispensing clinics to ensure that the victims take the right dose and to prevent re-sale of the prescribed methadone dose to other addicts. Once an individual has taken the methadone, the drug is â€Å"widely distributed to body tissues where it is stored and then released into the plasma, thereby stabilizing the patient†.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This approach is beneficial in a number of ways to both the user and the society. Methadone maintenance treatment enables the drug addicts to reduce the use of drug injections or completely discontinue using drug injections (CDC, 2004). It also protects the addicts of opiates from infections like HIV, Hepatitis B, and sexually transmitted i nfections. Additionally, methadone maintenance helps to reduce criminal activities and mortality rate among the opiate addicts. Through several studies, methadone has also been proved to be cost effective. Despite the positive results of methadone maintenance, the approach has remained a controversial subject in America and Europe. Most of the opponents believe that methadone is a substitute for opiate addiction; hence, it does not achieve the ultimate goal of eliminating drug addiction (CDC, 2002). Most of the patients who undergo methadone treatment have also shown continued use of opiates because of several reasons such as lack of self-control over addiction, compromising situations, and personal reasons. Critics of methadone maintenance also argue that the approach may promote criminal activities and drug dealings in the society. For example, patients who are under methadone maintenance may sell the drug to other addicts to earn some income (CDC, 2002). Therefore, a number of pe ople in America and Europe are pessimistic about methadone maintenance as a way of dealing with drug addiction. The approach also encourages drug addicts to remain dependent on the drug for years. Unfortunately, some of the addicts usually fail to recover from drug addiction because they supplement the dependency on methadone with other drugs and alcohol. Additionally, some patients may shy away from undergoing methadone treatment due to the strict procedure that an individual has to go through. Some of the patients also fail to visit the methadone clinics on a daily basis in order to get treatment due long distance from their residence.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, a number of people may avoid undergoing the treatment because of stigmatization associated with clinic environment, which may lead to low self-esteem. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that programs like needle exchange and methadone maintenance that a number of European nations and America have adopted in an attempt to fight drug abuse are only beneficial to some extent. For example, the needle exchange program helps to reduce the risks associated with drug injection. On the other hand, methadone maintenance helps to stabilize patients of opiate in order to function normally. However, these approaches also have a number of side effects. For instance, patients of methadone maintenance often remain dependant on the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Similarly, needle exchange may encourage the IDUs to remain dependant on the state for supply of the drug injection equipment. Therefore, the ultimate goal of realizing a drug free state may not be fully achieved through these approaches because the programs reinforce the use of drugs. References Campopiano, M. (2010). Methadone maintenance therapy in the USA: A case example of dual diagnosis. Journal of Advances in Dual Diagnosis 3(3) , 11-16. CDC. (2002). Methadone maintenance treatment. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/idu.html Hitchcock, J., Schubert, P. (2003). Community health nursing: Caring in action. New York: Cengage Learning. Kalechstein, A. (2011). Neuropsychology and substance use: State of the art and future directions. London: Psychology Press. Lines, R., Betteridge, G., Stover, H. (2005). Taking action to reduce injecting drug-related harms in prisons: The evidence of effectiveness of prison needle exchange. International Journal of Prisoner Health 1(1) , 49-64. Oliveto, G. G. (2002). Treatment of heroin addiction: Current approaches and future prospects. International Journal of Prisoner Health 62(9) , 31-43. Stevens, J., Barnett, Z. (2000). Methadone maintainance and HIV prevention: A cost-effective analysis. Management Science 46(8) , 1013-1031. Stevens, T. (2001). Syringe exchange. Yale Journal of Medicine 8(2) , 45-51.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

12 German Movie Recommendations For German Learners

12 German Movie Recommendations For German Learners Watching a movie in a foreign language is a fun and helpful way to help you learn the language. If youre at the beginning of your language-learning journey, look for films with subtitles, either in German or English translations, depending on your level of ability. But even if youre not a pro, letting your brain relax and not try so hard and just absorb the language on the screen taps into a different way of learning. Its how people naturally learn their native tongue: by listening and needing to understand. We asked our readers what movies were especially helpful to help them learn the language. Here are 12 of their German movie recommendations: 1. Sophie Scholl – Die Letzten Tage,  2005 Ken Masters says: Sorry, don’t have time to write a full review, but it’s not necessary- these films, especially Sophie Scholl, speak for themselves. And, if you’re interested in the history of film, then you have to watch the silent film Metropolis (1927). 2. The Edukators, 2004 Kieran Chart says: â€Å"I would recommend ‘The Edukators.’ It’s a really good movie and also has an interesting message. To add to that, ‘The Counterfeiters’ (‘Die Flscher’) is a really good German war movie concerning a Nazi plot to counterfeit English and American money and flood the economy with these false notes, bringing it to its knees. Then, of course, it would be remiss of me to not include ‘Das Boot.’ Really worth a watch. Suspense doesn’t get better in a movie. Enjoy.† 3. â€Å"Die Welle† (â€Å"The Wave†), 2008 Vlasta Veres says: â€Å"‘Die Welle’ is also one of my favorites. The story starts with a simple high school workshop, where through a game, a teacher explains how fascism works. However, you can see how gradually students start getting carried away and start acting violently toward other groups. This movie perfectly depicts the psychology of a group and how humanness can step away in front of instincts inside us that are frightening. Definitely a must see.† 4. â€Å"Himmel uber Berlin† (â€Å"Wings of Desire†), 1987 Christopher G says: This â€Å"is a film I have seen often; it never fails to challenge and force questions. Wonderful direction and script by Wim Wenders. Bruno Ganz communicates with silent gestures more than his words. Intriguing line: ‘Ich weiss jetzt, was kein Engel weiss.’† 5. â€Å"Erbsen auf Halb 6,† 2004 Apollon says: â€Å"The last film that I watched was ‘Drei.’ Such a good movie. But I’ve watched before a better one called â€Å"Erbsen auf Halb 6,† about a blind woman and a famous movie director who becomes blind after an accident.† 6. â€Å"Das Boot,† 1981 Sachin Kulkarni says: â€Å"The last German film I saw was ‘Das Boot’ by Wolfgang Petersen. This movie dates back to World War II and is about a submarine carrying a relatively young crew. Very good movie with a sad ending.† 7. â€Å"Almanya - Willkommen in Deutschland,† 2011 Ken Masters says: â€Å"A serious/comical look at Turks in Germany. Mostly lighthearted, but dealing with sometimes serious subjects and cultural differences.† 8. â€Å"Pina,† 2011 Amelia says: â€Å"Testimonials and dance moves created by the company’s dancers make a beautiful tribute to the choreographer Pina Bausch.† 9. â€Å"Nosferatu the Vampyre,† 1979 Gary NJ says: Werner â€Å"Herzog’s ‘Nosferatu’ from 1979 with Klaus Kinski and Bruno Ganz is very good. The scenery and music are great. A good creepy movie for fall or Halloween.† This film is an art-house vampire horror flick. 10. â€Å"Goodbye Lenin,† 2003 Jaime says â€Å"... a bittersweet take on the fall of the Berlin Wall and the western economic change in East Germany, which he tries to hide from his ill mother.† 11. â€Å"Das Leben der Anderen,† 2006 Emmett Hoops says: â€Å"‘Das Leben der Anderen’ is probably the most beautiful, most moving film to come out of Germany in the past 30 years. Another good one is ‘Der Untergang,’ with Bruno Ganz as Hitler. It shows the insanity of National Socialism brought to its inevitable (and hotly desired by Hitler) conclusion.† 12. â€Å"Chinesisches Roulette,† 1976 Anonymous  says: â€Å"The climax of the film is the 15-minute guessing game of the title, with lots of questions of the form ‘if this person were X, what kind of X would they be?’ Plenty of practice with Konjunktiv 2.†

Saturday, October 19, 2019

To what extent is the Marxist view an accurate interpretation of the Essay

To what extent is the Marxist view an accurate interpretation of the origins of the French Revolution in 1789 - Essay Example This time, though, the rising urban class of shopkeepers and artisans, known as the bourgeoisie, continued the struggle, focusing it against the noble landowning class that had traditionally been the support of the monarchy. With the bourgeoisie success, the noble class was pulled down, the king along with it as its figurehead, and replaced by the First Republic. This, however, is not the view of modern historians such as E.J. Hobsbawn and George Rude, who feel the populace and small traders had at least an equal part in the disruption. Studies have indicated that the percentage of urban capitalist shopkeepers and artisans made up perhaps half of the revolutionary forces. â€Å"Cobb †¦ found that the rank and file of the Parisian armies revolutionnaires was 35 percent artisan and 25 percent shopkeeper and smaller merchants† (Lewis 1998). Hobsbawm (1969) claims perhaps as many as one European out of every five was a Frenchman and the majority of these Frenchmen were rural farmers or small shop workers. In many ways, the search for the reasons and participants can be found in the theories brought forward by Karl Marx, such as in the popular protest movements of the day which provide a more accurate view of both how the monarchy lost its favor and who was most in control of the political and social changes that were happening in those years. The central concepts of Marxist economics, essential to understanding the causes of the French Revolution, include the theory of labour value, the disposition of production and the inevitable conflicts between the classes. Conflicts will always persist because the upper class can never totally control the lower classes. Lesser concepts include the idea of increased misery, the obsession with possessions and the consequences of economic alienation. Marx’s theories of labour value combined with his concepts of

Friday, October 18, 2019

About Articles Of Confederation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About Articles Of Confederation - Essay Example The confirmations by the 13 states involved were accomplished in early 1781. Before the ratification was complete, the article provided local and international legality for the continental congress to direct America evolutionally war. In addition, the article could conduct mediation with Europe and also deal with territorial affairs. However, the feeble government produced by the article became an issue of concern for nationalists involved. The confederation article had a lot of weaknesses. Firstly, it had a unicameral legislature which allowed a single vote per state. This unicameral legislature left the countries with only one legislative or parliamentary chamber. This was because the majority could not vote to pass legislation and amend the articles as they wanted. The article left the 13 states and the central government without the separation of powers. In additional to these problems, central government had no power to collect taxes, raise an army, or even control trade. With the one vote per state to change or amend the article, it left the 13 nations plus the central government without the division of powers. With a 2/3 majority need to pass laws made the changing of the article difficult. In order to make the changes on the article, they needed 9 of the 13 states to approve which was very difficult. 1. This shows that the article left the central government weak since the states maintained a majority of power. Limits in the article The delegates to the first and second congresses did not fix the terms of service. However, the members of the congress under the confederation articles were selected by state legislature annually. With the restriction that, no single person would be able to become a representative for more than three years. This is found in confederation article (v). This made the first national legislative body in the United States to operate with term limitations. During the time of confederation article existence, the service of delegate who had violated the term restrictions was challenged many times. The congress organized a committee on qualifications to determine whether any of the members were tarrying beyond their appointed terms. One of the delegates found was Samuel Osgood of Massachusetts. He was found ineligible for the service because he had served for three years after the ratification of the Articles. This caused Osgood to withdrawn from the office 3. Other del egates were investigated, primarily for serving beyond the one year for which they had been elected. Other controversies ensured that over the exact date of electing the delegates from Rhode Island, and they refused to vacate from their seats. The concern was that prolonging the controversy would disrupt the proceedings of congress; the Committee of Qualification dropped the matter. In many ways, the limit of the confederation article has helped the operation of the congress today. Firstly, it has come up with good constitution that governs citizens in a better way. Presidents now cannot exceed certain term set by the constitution. This allows more people to participate in the offices and bring change in the country in question. It has also improved the democracy of citizens where they are able to vote for the leaders they desire and think they will rule them the best 3. The limitation on raising an army has led to reduction of war among states because the nation had lived together for a long period without fighting. Article 10 made provision for functioning of the committee of state and for the possible admission of Canada 4.This shows that, if this article was carried out, Canada

World history. A Critical Analysis of The Communist Manifesto Essay

World history. A Critical Analysis of The Communist Manifesto - Essay Example In the ‘Manifesto’, Marx and Engels have made an effort to evaluate the history of human society according to the ‘mode of production and labor’. They argue that modern society is based on the latest mode of production. Meanwhile, they further envisage that, according to the ‘mode of production’, socialism (or communism) is next to Capitalism which is supposed to exploit labor by alienating from the production. In fact, the political dimension of communism is essentially the result of its response to the capitalists’ exploitation. Marx and Engels argue that the proletariats (or working class people) should unite themselves to accelerate the transition of human society from capitalism to socialism. But though Marx and Engel’s concept of ‘class struggle’ is persuasive enough to explain the changes human society’s activities, these authors have failed to understand that a theory which is, indeed, meant for explaini ng the economic changes in human society, is not sufficient to bring a radical political change in a country or a society. At best, a theory, like Marxism, can predict the oncoming changes in a society; but there must be exception. In the preface of â€Å"Communist Manifesto†, Engels claims that the text is â€Å"essentially Marx's work† and that â€Å"the basic thought... belongs solely and exclusively to Marx† (Marx and Engels 23). In fact, Marx’s theory of class-conflict constitutes the premise of the â€Å"Manifesto†. Depending on the Class-struggle theory, Marx explores the heart of Capitalism. In the very beginning of â€Å"Communist Manifesto†, Marx and Engels claim that human history is basically â€Å"the history of class struggles† (Marx and Engels 34). They argue that there are generally two conflicting parties in this struggle. This conflict is determined of the mode of labor, which is, indeed, a relationship between the l aborer and the production. In this regard, these authors assert that â€Å"Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another† (Marx and Engels 43). They further argue that this class war always ends â€Å"either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes† (Marx and Engels 43). According their claim, capitalism is the penultimate stage, of human society, which itself has resulted from the dissolution of the former feudalist social order through the conflict between the feudal lords and their subjects. Even the struggle between the bourgeois class and the proletariats will dissolve the capitalist society into a classless society where class-conflict will not exist. In the first chapter of the â€Å"Manifesto†, Marx and Engels say that in a capitalist society, the bourgeoisies are amorally p rofit-oriented; they maneuver both social and political institutions in order to exploit the proletariats’ labor and to accumulate wealth, as Marx and Engels note in this regard, â€Å"The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations...for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation† (Marx and Engels 67). It is evident that Marx and Engels have successfully explored the heart of a society’s economic system and its role in as a determinant sociopolitical power structure in a society. Yet some of Marx and Engels’s claims are quite problematic. They take it for granted that the proletariats are exploited and the bourgeoisies are the exploiting owners of a capitalist soci

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Explain and assess the role that virtue plays in Aristotle's theory of Essay

Explain and assess the role that virtue plays in Aristotle's theory of justice - Essay Example Aristotle claimed that justice should be dispensed in an appropriate manner. He also believed in the strength of virtue in changing the society. Aristotle's book, ‘Nicomachean Ethics’ explained the theory of virtue. He mentioned two kinds of virtue: the moral variety, and the intellectual variety (Raphael 2003). When Aristotle mentioned the subject of moral virtues, he spoke in reference to a person's character, and the way he conducted himself in his daily life. He stated that an individual’s character is a learned function, and not one that he was born with. Essentially, he felt that virtue was merely the balance between different extremes. The Greek term for "happiness" is pronounced as  Eudaimonia, which basically refers to maintaining a pleasant spirit. In Aristotle’s view, the highest objective of man was to maintain joy. Aristotle stressed that the definition of happiness was not merely keeping a happy face on a constant basis, or running after ple asure filled activities so that one can maintain superficial joy. This is how the current society tends to define happiness (Raphael 2003). Happiness and the possession of good morals are factors that are linked, in Aristotle’s view. ... It is probable that the founding fathers of America had this definition of happiness in mind when they declared in the declaration of independence that â€Å"the pursuit of happiness† was to be considered as an objective in the new nation. In Aristotle’s  Nicomachean Ethics, the factors that were necessary to achieve  eudaimonia were defined as self capability and decisiveness. Aristotle affirmed that these characteristics could only be achieved through individual initiative and ambition, which he referred to as the "humanistic" criterion (Raphael 2003). Aristotle also rejected the concept that the greatest good was a god given characteristic that could not be achieved without some kind of divine assistance. H e also believed that happiness was the one characteristic or aspect that was its own reward. It could not be used as a means to realise another higher state of contentment, in other words. Those who discovered real happiness, according to Aristotle, would not feel the desire for something else or to experience some other state of contentment. Aristotle categorised virtues in practical terms. He was of the opinion that virtues dealt with the activities and zeal of the activities that people took part in, and what those activities made them feel like. He divided people’s feelings to fundamental pain and pleasure codes. He was endeavouring to instruct the citizens of Athens in the right way to carry themselves. He also believed that there was no one wrong or right way to feel. In the book on ‘Nichomachean Ethics’, Aristotle affirmed that if a person participated in 'good' acts, or assisted his fellow man, he would

Eduaction in Texas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eduaction in Texas - Essay Example In the same year, a new law that permanently set aside two million of the ten million dollars in the five United States’ Indemnity bonds received from the settlement with Texas’ boundary was established. After the America’s civil and reconstruction, Texas introduced a new constitution of 1876 that provided 45 million acres of the public domain towards supporting public schools. Moreover, the law directed that income obtained from the new permanent school funds to be invested in bonds (Kemerer and Walsh 56). This law was rewritten in 1884 whereby it created the state superintendent office and affirmation of the state ad valorem tax. Additionally, in the same year, a law that required funds from permanent schools to be invested to other bonds and county towards increasing the income was enacted. After about 100 years, in the 1983, Texas voted and approved constitution amendment that guaranteed district school bonds by the Permanent School Fund (Preuss 144). The education commissioners later approved this amendment leading to proper issuing of bonds by school districts and the same was guaranteed by the Fund corpus. Currently, the local school districts obtain approximately 765 million dollars as income from the Permanent School Fund. Numerous additional laws in Texas and its related towns have ever guaranteed Texas freedom in the administration and development of its schools and led to independence of school districts. The Texas school systems have been credible since 1885 when its high schools sent selected test papers examination to the University of Texas (Shirley 102). Since then, the Texas schools have been affiliated with Texas University, and graduates from these schools send their graduates to Texas University without admission examinations (Preuss 37). The 1911 rural school law established education

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Explain and assess the role that virtue plays in Aristotle's theory of Essay

Explain and assess the role that virtue plays in Aristotle's theory of justice - Essay Example Aristotle claimed that justice should be dispensed in an appropriate manner. He also believed in the strength of virtue in changing the society. Aristotle's book, ‘Nicomachean Ethics’ explained the theory of virtue. He mentioned two kinds of virtue: the moral variety, and the intellectual variety (Raphael 2003). When Aristotle mentioned the subject of moral virtues, he spoke in reference to a person's character, and the way he conducted himself in his daily life. He stated that an individual’s character is a learned function, and not one that he was born with. Essentially, he felt that virtue was merely the balance between different extremes. The Greek term for "happiness" is pronounced as  Eudaimonia, which basically refers to maintaining a pleasant spirit. In Aristotle’s view, the highest objective of man was to maintain joy. Aristotle stressed that the definition of happiness was not merely keeping a happy face on a constant basis, or running after ple asure filled activities so that one can maintain superficial joy. This is how the current society tends to define happiness (Raphael 2003). Happiness and the possession of good morals are factors that are linked, in Aristotle’s view. ... It is probable that the founding fathers of America had this definition of happiness in mind when they declared in the declaration of independence that â€Å"the pursuit of happiness† was to be considered as an objective in the new nation. In Aristotle’s  Nicomachean Ethics, the factors that were necessary to achieve  eudaimonia were defined as self capability and decisiveness. Aristotle affirmed that these characteristics could only be achieved through individual initiative and ambition, which he referred to as the "humanistic" criterion (Raphael 2003). Aristotle also rejected the concept that the greatest good was a god given characteristic that could not be achieved without some kind of divine assistance. H e also believed that happiness was the one characteristic or aspect that was its own reward. It could not be used as a means to realise another higher state of contentment, in other words. Those who discovered real happiness, according to Aristotle, would not feel the desire for something else or to experience some other state of contentment. Aristotle categorised virtues in practical terms. He was of the opinion that virtues dealt with the activities and zeal of the activities that people took part in, and what those activities made them feel like. He divided people’s feelings to fundamental pain and pleasure codes. He was endeavouring to instruct the citizens of Athens in the right way to carry themselves. He also believed that there was no one wrong or right way to feel. In the book on ‘Nichomachean Ethics’, Aristotle affirmed that if a person participated in 'good' acts, or assisted his fellow man, he would

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Three questions to be answered with main opinion, source for each Assignment

Three questions to be answered with main opinion, source for each answer and give an assertion - Assignment Example Writings should also take into account not only the level its audience proficiency but also their cultural background . 3. This is a wrong mindset. A business staff should never be busy to attend to a customer and must always apologize to any inconvenience caused. Complaints and suggestions must be welcome by the company to help them identify their areas of improvement. Customer service must always be in mind of any business organization otherwise it will lose its customers and go out of business. Above all, apologizing and making customers feel important ensures that the business can still keep the customer despite the inconvenience caused. Business organizations must always bear in mind that they exist because of the customers and therefore, they should be mindful of the fact that â€Å"customer is always king† (Moreno) in their organization and therefore, they should not be busy to attend to the

Monday, October 14, 2019

Bankruptcy in the United States Essay Example for Free

Bankruptcy in the United States Essay The paradox set up between the words â€Å"pleasure† and â€Å"burn† shows something unusual about the characterization of the speaker—that maybe he is a paradox himself and is at odds with what is thought of as normal. Who the speaker is has not been revealed yet, so the reader is allowed to form opinions about his character before meeting the fireman. Further into the book, Montag no longer finds a pleasure, and he runs from his job as a fireman. Finally, the feeling of fire as a pleasure returns when he realizes fire can be used for warmth and comfort rather than for destruction. Diction used (burn, eaten, blackened, changed) creates a fearful mood and an ominous tone from the beginning. Chapter 1 Mood â€Å"His lips quivered and the spectacles were dimmed with mist—â€Å"’we may stay here till we die†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ with that word the heat seemed to increase till it became a threatening weight and the lagoon attacked them with a blinding effulgence â€Å" This mood conducts an emotion time to where the boys just came to their senses that they might not make it out of there. Nobody knows they are there so they realized that they have to fight to make their way out. Later on they realized that the have to find or at least try to find others that may still be on the island. A foreshadow of this might be â€Å"we may stay here till we die† because since they are all children from 6-12 they may not make it out of the island Imagery â€Å"The silence was so complete that they could hear the unevenness of piggy’s breathing. The sun slanted in and lay golden over half the platform. The breeze that on the lagoon had chased their tails like kittens wee finding their way across the platform and into the forest. â€Å"‘So we may be here a long time†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This quote shows that after finding more people they all came to realization that would be there a long time because nobody knows where they are. The boys went silent as they realized what was actually happening. This quote emphasized the awkward silence as they all processed through their heads that they all may not either make it or go home. This symbolized imagery because I could really picture the surroundings and feel how quiet it must have been. Theme â€Å"I agree with ralph. We’ve got to have rules and obey them. After all we’re not savages. We’re English and English are the best at everything. So we’ve got to do the right things† This is in first person This part of the chapter identifies that start of them striving to do the right things. They weren’t working together so now they are forming themselves into groups, etc. to hold themselves together. The mood of this is determination because to me it seems that these boys are finally finding out to feel what its like to be on your own so they have to stick together in order to live. Civilization vs Savagery Chapter 3 Tone â€Å"Everyone’s keeps running off. You remember the meeting? How everyone was going to work hard until the shelters were finished? † This passage is showing how they went to fun to serious. Because there are a lot of younger kids in the group it is harder for everyone to concentrate for long amount of times. Causing things to fall apart and now people are getting mad and stressed. This creates a tone of seriousness even though the boys/chiefs are only 12 Chapter 3 Mood â€Å"They looked at each other, baffled, in love and hate. All the warm slat water of the bathing pool and the shouting and splashing and laughing were only just sufficient to bring them together again† This passage shows that all it takes is a little fun to realize that everything is okay. The pass few pages were full of everyone just stressing out and fighting and once they began to let loose and have fun ralph and jack realized that it was okay it brought them together again. The mood is relieved and a feeling of happiness â€Å"There was a ship. Out there, You said you’d keep the fire going and you let it out! † The boys are eager to go home but with the choir out hunting the fire had gone out and the ship had passed them because their signal (fire) burned out. Ralph then became violent and angry and yelled at jack creating a mood of intimidation and anger. HE then released all the stress that had been built up and took it out on the gang.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Analysis of leadership and managerial effectiveness

Analysis of leadership and managerial effectiveness Leadership power, influence, path-builder and director. it can defined in many ways, but most commonly Leader is person who influences the thoughts and behaviors of others; a leaders is one who establishes the direction for others to willingly follow. One person can serve as a leader or several persons might share leadership. A person may be appointed as leader or may be elected by people within his circle. Leaders play vital role in standardizing performance. Leaders can influence other to perform beyond the expectations. Managers plan, organize, lead and control so that leading and managing are inseparable, they are both integral part of each other. If one cant influence and inspire others to work willingly towards aims then all planning and organizing will be ineffective. Similarly setting direction is usually not enough, no matter how inspiring one can be, management skills are crucial. Main characteristics of leadership:- Self Confidence- They have complete confidence in their judgment and ability. A vision- This is an idealized goal that proposes a future better than the status quo. The greater the disparity between idealized goal and the status quo, the more likely that followers will attribute extraordinary vision to the leader. 3.Ability to articulate the vision- They are able to clarify and state the vision in terms that are understandable to others. This articulation demonstrates an understanding of the followers needs and, hence acts as a motivating force. 4.Strong convictions about vision- Charismatic leaders are perceived as being strongly committed, and willing to take on high personal risk, incur high costs, and engage in self-sacrifice to achieve their vision. 5. Behavior that is out of the ordinary- Those with charisma engage in behavior that is perceived as being novel, unconventional, and counter to norms. When successful , these behaviors evoke surprise and admiration in followers. 6.Perceived as being a change agent- Charismatic leaders are perceived as agents of radical change rather than as caretakers of the status quo. 7. Environmental sensitivity- These leaders are able to make realistic assessments of the environmental constraints and resources needed to bring about change. Main objective of leadership:- 1- Begin with the End in Mind Clearly define AND communicate the objective; then lead unapologetically to its conclusion 2- There is no I in TEAM Team players have value and are contributors to a group effort; self promoters do not have value and steal from the group. Cultivate team players and cull self promoters 3- Develop an Institutional Memory Remember mistakes and the costs associated with fixing them or they will repeat themselves ad nauseum 4- Set a good example by being a good citizen at home, in your community and at work No business success will make up for being a lousy citizen 5- Control the environment effectively, without suppressing creativity flow Dont let the environment control you. 6- Do reward behavior you want repeated Behavior (and success) that is rewarded will increase in duration, intensity and frequency. 7- Dont reinforce and dont ignore behavior you want stopped Fear of conflict and avoidance of accountability will only lead to wide spreaddys function and more unwanted behavior. 8- Insure that a task is done right the first time The project and any hope for momentum will grind to a halt if the task has to be done over again 9- Hire Integrity over Skill:-Skills can be trained; but honesty, integrity, morals and trust can not 10- Serve others How may I help you? Should be asked early and often by and to every person in your organization. Earned loyalty through thoughtful service is the greatest ROI in business MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS :- Managerial Effectiveness is fast becoming a competitive advantage for organisations, especially in the context of high demand for and therefore, continuous migration of competent managers from one organisation to another Organisations therefore, have started investing in retaining competent managers and putting in place systems for developing new cadre of effective managers. It is in wake of these contextual factors that this programme on Managerial Effectiveness is being conducted. Managerial Effectiveness is often defined in terms of output what a manager achieves. This result oriented definition leads us to look for the factors that contribute towards the results. Studies find three factors to be responsible for the results that an organisation achieves through its managers. These are: (a) the efforts and ability of the managers, (b) the environment in which the managers and the organisation operates, and (c) the efforts and ability of the subordinates. Thus, the managers ability is the key element in achieving the desired results.This programme on Managerial Effectiveness focuses by and large on the managerial ability of Managing Self, Managing Subordinates Relationships (which can enhance subordinates ability), Managing Change and Decision Making (which requires the managers to understand the environment in which she/he and her/his organisation operates). Objective of managerial effectiveness:- 1. To develop and understanding of concept of managerial effectiveness. 2. To help the participants to understand the importance of team work and value of resolving the conflicts for developing effective relationship and work culture. 3. To enable the participant to develop specific skills such as team work and conflict management in order to enhance their contribution to the organisational growth. 4. To provide the participants an opportunity for sharing experiences and analysing managerial styles thereby, enabling them to meet the diverse needs of your te. Trait Theory Trait theory tries to describe the types of behavior and personality tendencies associated with effective leadership. In modern times, Thomas Carlyle (1841) can be considered one of the forerunners of trait theory. Although trait theory has an intuitive appeal, difficulties may arise in proving its tenets, and opponents frequently challenge this approach. The strongest versions of trait theory see these leadership characteristics as innate, and accordingly label some people as born leaders due to their psychological makeup. On this reading of the theory, leadership development involves identifying and measuring leadership qualities, screening potential leaders from non-leaders, then training those with potential. In response to criticisms of the trait approach, researchers have begun to assess leader attributes using the leadership attribute pattern approach. Leader as a communicator the framing Framing is a way of communicating to shape meaning. Its a way for leaders to influence how others see and understand events. Selecting and highlighting one or more events while excluding others. It is the ability of the leader to influence others to act beyond their self interests Two contemporary theories of leadership with a common theme. 1. Charismatic leadership 2. Transformational leadership Charismatic Leadership The Charismatic Leader gathers followers through dint of personality and charm, rather than any form of external power or authority. The searchlight of attention It is interesting to watch a Charismatic Leader working the room as they move from person to person. They pay much attention to the person they are talking to at any one moment, making that person feel like they are, for that time, the most important person in the world. Charismatic Leaders pay a great deal of attention in scanning and reading their environment, and are good at picking up the moods and concerns of both individuals and larger audiences. They then will hone their actions and words to suit the situation. Pulling all of the strings Charismatic Leaders use a wide range of methods to manage their image and, if they are not naturally charismatic, may practice assiduously at developing their skills. They may engender trust through visible self-sacrifice and taking personal risks in the name of their beliefs. They will show great confidence in their followers. They are very persuasive and make very effective use of body language as well as verbal language. Deliberate charisma is played out in a theatrical sense, where the leader is playing to the house to create a desired effect. They also make effective use of storytelling, including the use of symbolism and metaphor. Many politicians use a charismatic style, as they need to gather a large number of followers. If you want to increase your charisma, studying videos of their speeches and the way they interact with others is a great source of learning. Religious leaders, too, may well use charisma, as do cult leaders. Leading the team Charismatic Leaders, who are building a group, whether it is a political party, a cult or a business team, will often focus strongly on making the group very clear and distinct, separating it from other groups. They will then build the image of the group, in particular in the minds of their followers, as being far superior to all others. The Charismatic Leader will typically attach themselves firmly to the identify of the group, such that to join the group is to become one with the leader. In doing so, they create an unchallengeable position for themselves. Key characteristics of charismatic leadership Vision and articulation; Sensitivity to the environment; Sensitivity to member needs; Personal risk taking; Performing unconventional behavior Vision and articulations Has a vision Expressed as an idealized goal The goal proposes a future better than the status quo Is able to clarify the importance of the vision in terms that are understandable to others. Personal risk Willing to take on high personal risk Incur high costs Engage in self sacrifice to achieve the vision Sensitivity to followers needs Perspective of others abilities Responsive to others needs and feelings. Unconventional behavior Engages in behaviors in behaviors that are novel and counter to norms. Personality of charismatic leaders Extraverted Self confident Achievement oriented Articulate an over arching goal Communicate high performance expectations Empathize the needs of their followers Project a powerful confident and dynamic presence Captivating and engaging voice tone Three step process of becoming a charismatic leader An individual needs to develop an aura of charisma by maintaining an optimistic view, using passion as a catalyst for generating enthusiasm and communicating with the whole body, not just with words. .An individual draws others in by creating a bond that inspires others to follows. . An individual brings out the potential in followers by tapping into their emotions. Charismatic Leadership Issues People following these leaders will be exerting extra effort, express greater satisfaction. Charismatic effectiveness and situation Charisma works best when: The followers task has an ideological component There is a lot of stress and uncertainty in the environment The leader is at the upper level of the organization Followers have low self-esteem and self-worth Dark Side of Charisma Ego-driven charismatic allow their self-interest and personal goals to override the organizations goals Very effective leaders who possess the four typical leadership traits: Individual competency Team skills Managerial competence Ability to stimulate others to high performance Plus one critical new traità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ A blend of personal humility and professional will Personal ego-needs are focused toward building a great company Take responsibility for failures and give credit to others for successes Prided them on developing strong leaders inside the firm who could direct the company to greater heights after they were gone. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Abstract It is argued that the fate of any society is determined by the quality of its leadership. This discusses the various managerial styles with the aim of buttressing the role of leadership in attaining organizational goals and objectives. This relies on extensive review of literature and employs content analysis of managerial leadership styles. This reveals that the correct style of leadership depends on: nature of the job; preference of the followers; the leaders attitude and the situation at a point in time. However, emerging economies are bereft of good and effective leadership in all fields of human Endeavours due to self-aggrandizements. Therefore, they recommends that: leaders should be made to be accountable for their stewardships both when in office and afterwards; and there should be general social re-orientation, for people to be honest, God fearing and to remember the day of reckoning when they will be asked to account for their deeds in this world. Gibb (1954) According to him leadership is the exercise of power and authority in collectivity; such as groups, organizations, communities of nations. This power can be addressed to any of the three very general and related functions: establishing the goals, purposes or objectives of the collectivity. This implies that exercise of authority involves making things happen though others. In achieving such purpose, leaders may engage in any of the following activities: coordinating, controlling, directing, guiding or mobilizing the efforts of others. Conclusion:- He suggested that the leader is a person who always suggested that leadership is the quality that a leader can act as a manager in performing all managerial function as well as with power and authority he can easily manage the things. Fielder (1967):- He defines leadership effectiveness as success of the leader in achieving the organizations goals. To be effective, the leader must help individuals in the group to satisfy their needs; for instance by giving responsibility to those with high power needs, close involvement to those with high inclusion needs and so on. Therefore, the most effective leaders are capable of dealing with the groups problem that depends on leaders ability to persuade his followers, which in turn depends largely on how much power he possesses. Conclusion:- Manager includes leadership qualities to achieve the organizational goals. They help individual in group to satisfy all the organizational needs. Weick 1979, Kiesler and Sproull 1982, Streufert and Swezey 1986:- This model is one of few that allows for an empirical test of some of the central ideas developed by the paradox perspective. There study also contrasts the recent emphasis on cognitive complexity in the organizational literature with the relative lack of attention given to behavioral complexity. Cognitive complexity, the paper argues, may well be a necessary condition for the effective practice of leadership. Behavioral complexity, however, must certainly be the sufficient condition. Conclusion:- Leadership must inevitably be performed through action, not cognition, and it would thus appear to be time for leadership researchers to begin to develop theories of behavioral as well as cognitive complexity. Burke and Day (1986) They applied meta-analysis to available managerial training and development studies to determine the types of management training that were effective, to what degree they were effective, and the relative effectiveness of the different training methods in improving learning or the acquisition of skills. The meta-analysis conducted by Burke and Day is commonly regarded as the principal empirical support for the effectiveness of managerial training and leadership development programs. Burke and Day (1986) incorporated the following training content areas in their analysis: general management, human relations, and self-awareness, problem solving/decision making, rater training, and motivation/values. Descriptions of those content areas were as follows: 1) General management training taught facts, concepts, and skills and included training topics such as labor relations, a broad focus on management theory and practice, company policies and procedures, labor economics, and general management functions. 2) Training in the human relations content area focused on the human relations problems of leadership, supervision, attitude toward employees, and communications. 3) Studies that were coded into the self-awareness training content area involved the understanding of ones behavior, how others view ones behavior, and learning ones strengths and weaknesses. Examples in the self-awareness content area were sensitivity training and transactional analysis. 4) Problem solving training included studies with a wide range of work problems that managers encounter including generalized problem solving and decision making skills. 5) Rater training programs taught participants to minimize errors in observing and evaluating subordinates. 6) Motivation/values training included programs designed to increase the managers motivation and modify managers values or attitudes. Conclusion:- He used organizational variables as outcome criteria. Some studies in their research had mixed results in demonstrating that managerial leadership development programs enhanced individual, group, and/or organizational effectiveness. Yukl (1989):- He described the status of the field of leadership as being in a state of ferment and confusion. Most of the theories are beset with conceptual weaknesses and lack strong empirical support. Several thousand empirical studies have been conducted on leadership effectiveness, but most of the results are contradictory and inconclusiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The confused state of the field can be attributed in large part to the disparity of approaches, the narrow focus of most researches, and the absence of broad theories that integrate findings from the different approaches. Conclusion:- The status of the field of leadership is in a state on ferment and confusion. Leadership is necessary for the manager to perform affectively within an organization by integrating different approaches. This helps in applying different approaches results in better managerial performance by possessing better leadership qualities. (Bass and Avolio, 1993) He proposed another type of leadership which is known as transactional leadership, which is e. Instead of being communal, the emphasis is on individuals or small groups of employees within organizations or businesses who vie for favored status with a manager. Cooperation occurs through negotiations and loyalty is bought with reward to individuals. In these cases, some employees demonstrate little or no commitment to the organizations mission or vision, and cooperation is the result of negotiations. This model emphasizes marginal improvements in performance based on exchange relationships with subordinates. Conclusion: leadership is a systematic relationship where no leader leads without followers. To measure leadership effectiveness, Avolio believed that the focus should be less on what the leader does and more on what the followers do. This committed to a full range of leadership. Fleishman et al. (1991) developed taxonomy of descriptive leader behaviors from 65 authors, which provided a systematic definition of leadership behavior for use in designing leadership development interventions. The major approaches to leadership study were identified as the power-influence approach, managerial behavior approach, trait approach, situational approach (nine different ones including path-goal, situational leadership, contingency theory, and leader-member exchange) and transformational or charismatic leadership (Yukl, 1989) Conclusion: he explained the different leader behaviours and different approaches applied to leadership study. Sourcie (1994) He states, Managerial leadership is indeed a subtle mixture of formal authority, skills, knowledge, information, intelligence, courage, tenacity, instinct and hard work. As individuals rise to higher levels of formal leadership in organizations, the balance between leader and manager behavior shifts, but there are very few instances where a person can develop leadership skills without also being competent at managerial functions. Conclusion:- There should be a balance between leader and managerial behaviour. To enhance leadership styles sometimes becomes at the managerial level in performing different functions of management. Chen (1994) He used meta-analytic procedures to describe and statistically integrate 25 studies from the empirical literature regarding the effectiveness of cross-cultural training for managers. A great majority of the studies (88%) used control group design. Chens meta-analysis produced a highly significant average effect size (1.60) for the comparisons between those who received cross-cultural training and those who did not, indicating that the average trainee was 1.60 standard deviation higher than controls on the cross-cultural training effectiveness measures. Chen discovered that control group studies produced lower effect sizes than single group pretest-posttest studies. Chen also found that the longer the time between cross-cultural training and the measurement of training effectiveness, the less effective the training was judged to be by the primary study participants, with almost 56% of the variability in effect size magnitude caused by the time of outcome measurement. Conclusion:- The results of Chens meta-analysis did not conclude that any certain type of cross-cultural training program was more effective than another one as he generally impact the effectiveness of cross-cultural training for managers. Brungardt, 1996 He suggested the that leadership development efforts will result in improved leadership skills appears to be taken for granted by many corporations, professional management associations, and consultants. In essence, many companies naively assume that leadership development efforts improve organizational efforts. Leadership development is defined as every form of growth or stage of development in the life cycle that promotes, encourages, and assists the expansion of knowledge and expertise required to optimize ones leadership potential and performance. Conclusion:- Leadership development will leads to the improvement leadership skills with in the corporations, to improve the organizational efforts by developing their employees. McCall (1998):- Managerial leadership development through on-the-job experiences has emerged as a powerful source of learning. He believed that on-the-job experiences were the primary classrooms for the development of leadership skills. These developmental jobs provide transitions that put the manager into new situations with unfamiliar responsibilities and tasks where they create change and build relationships (Brutus, Ruderman, Ohlott, McCauley, 2000; McCall, Lombardo, Morrison, 1988; McCauley Brutus, 1998). According to McCall, et al. (1988), most 31 developments of successful business leaders took place on the job and not in seminars, classrooms, and MBA programs. Additional literature regarding on-the-job experiences will be cited in the Leadership Development. Conclusion:- He explained that the managerial leadership development through on-the job experiences. It develops leadership skills with in a manager to enhance their skills. It helps them in handling unfamiliar responsibilities and tasks in which they can easily make changes. Driggs (1999):- He emphasized that outcomes can be encapsulated as the awareness of the importance of organizational motivation and understanding, the flexibility to adapt to individual organizational needs, the openness to encourage continuing discussion and interchange, and a readiness to continue learning. Examples of outcomes in the current literature were improved subordinate and human relationships, improved knowledge skills and attitudes, improved trainee leadership and group effectiveness, improved decision-making style, sensitization of trainees to their management role, and development of a shared personal and organizational vision. Conclusion:- He explained that managerial effectiveness is analysed by motivating and understanding the organization needs by improved trainee leadership. Aurelio M. Montemayor, M.Ed:- He defines leadership as the individual qualities of assertiveness and ambition that shine through a charismatic individual. Leadership means collective commitment to progress wise and tough actions that create new systemic regularities in our institutions of education. It means constructing a seamless pipeline for all our children from preschool years to completing collegeIt means institutions and communities work for the greater good of our world. Conclusion:- Leadership leads to progress which help in regulating our institutions of education. They generally work for the greater good of our world. Swanson Holton, 1999:- The Results Assessment System was used in this research to analyze the outcomes of leadership development studies from both a learning and performance perspective. The Results Assessment System (Swanson Holton, 1999) enables practitioners to measure results within three domains: performance, learning, and perception, each of which has two options. Performance results are either system or financial results. System results are defined as the units of mission-related outputs in the form of goods and/or services having value to the customer and that are related to the core organizational, work processes, and group or individual contributors in the organization. Financial results are defined as the conversion of the output units of goods and/or services attributable to the intervention into money and financial interpretation. Performance-level assessment requires that mission-related performance outcomes be connected to the mission of the system (Swanson Holton, 1999). Performance outcomes typically are assessed in terms of being counted or time taken to produce the units of goods or services. Swanson and Holton clarified that performance outcomes are classified in terms of the performance levels at the whole system level (organization), the work processes within the system (subsystem), or the contributor level (individuals or intact work groups). According to Swanson and Holton, within the performance domain, a complex organization can have a variety of performance outcomes but a unit of performance must be selected as the focal point of the assessment. Learning results as defined by the Results Assessment System (Swanson Holton, 1999) are delineated into expertise or knowledge results. Expertise results are defined as human behaviors having effective results and optimal efficiency, acquired through study and experience within a specialized domain. Human expertise is the most complex of learning results. The premise is that people with expertise have knowledge and are able to act on that knowledge (Swanson Holton, 1999). Measuring human expertise requires that an individual demonstrate his or her behavior in a real or simulated setting. Conclusion:- Knowledge results are defined as mental achievement acquired through study and experience (Swanson Holton, 1999,). Swanson and Holton believed that knowledge, an intellectual or cognitive result of learning experiences, was the basic learning result of an intervention. Measures of knowledge confirmed the level of knowledge held by individuals within a particular subject area. Zhang (1999) He applied meta-analysis procedures to experimental evaluation studies to find out the magnitude of the effect of management training from 1983-1997 on trainees learning, job performance, and organization results. The study followed Burke and Days coding criteria and included forty-seven empirical studies on training for managerial personnel in business and industry and in education. Zhang included experimental and quasi-experimental studies, most of which were found in journal articles, while one-third were doctoral dissertations. The results indicated that evaluation was being conducted beyond the reaction and learning levels. Zhangs research produced a .47 effect size for studies with knowledge-subjective outcomes, .80 for knowledge-24 objective, .50 for expertise-subjective and .49 for studies with system-objective outcomes. A major finding was that management training made a significant difference in trainees learning when self-efficacy and various knowledge tests measured the o utcomes. A human relations leadership program made a significant difference in trainees job performance when performance appraisal instruments measured their on the- job behavior. Management training programs were effective when measured by subjective result criterion, such as employees commitment to the organization and job satisfaction. There was a significant difference in the training effect measured by objective organization result criterion, such as job accuracy, turnover and productivity. Conclusion:- He recommended that more quantitative reviews be conducted using meta-analysis to accumulate quantitative data of training effectiveness across studies and that more high quality empirical studies are conducted. It also concluded that measurement of organization results outcomes needed more research in which the organizational indicators that are most relevant to training are prioritized. Lynham, 2000:- The nature of management and leadership has changed significantly and organizations are experiencing an increased number of outcome-based demands on their time and resources. Organizations also are committing to an increased number of managerial leadership development interventions and take for granted that those interventions enhance their organizations effectiveness. But, there remains a void as to what is known about managerial leadership development and the contribution of managerial leadership development interventions to individual knowledge and expertise as well as organizational performance. Conclusion:- Interventions results in enhancing organisations effectiveness this leads to development interventions for individual knowledge and expertise. Interventions results in better managerial effectiveness. Friedm

Saturday, October 12, 2019

herody Little Heroism in Homers Odyssey Essay -- Odyssey essays

Little Heroism in Homer's Odyssey      Ã‚   "Could I forget that kingly man, Odysseus?   There is no mortal half so wise; no mortal gave so much to the lords of the open sky." proclaims Zeus, the king of all gods in Homer's The Odyssey.   He, among countless others, harbors high regards for Odysseus, the mastermind of the Trojan War turned lost sailor.   However, the epic poem is sprinkled with the actions of gods and goddesses pushing Odysseus towards his path home to Ithaka, giving the mortal war hero little exposure to the limelight.   So when does all the high and mighty talk of Odysseus' power prove true?   Only in the absence of godly intervention can the title character live up to his name.   In Homer's The Odyssey, excessive reliance on the gods' assistance weakens the overall effect of Odysseus as the hero; while, as a break from the norm, Odysseus' single-handed defeat of the Kyklops Polyphà ªmos adds true suspense to the story as well as merit to Odysseus' character.    The gods interfere with Odysseus on his quest in one of two ways, for the better or for the worse.   Zeus, Athena, Hermà ªs, Persephone, and the Nereid Ino all help Odysseus return home.   On the other hand, Poseidon and Hà ªlios, the embodiment of the sun, hinder his journey home.   While the nymph Kalypso and the witch Kirkà ª balance between helping and hindering.   Athena, the goddess of wisdom and daughter of Zeus, plays the most crucial role in the story.   Odysseus' patron goddess practically weaves the outcomes with her own fingers.   At the very beginning, Athena pleads for Zeus to offer help to Odysseus, who is trapped on Kalypso's island.   "O Father of us all, if it now please the blissful gods that wise Odysseus reach his home agai... ... for this to happen.   The sweat-inducing suspense and the thickening of Odysseus' originally paper-thin character make Book IX the highlight of the beginning half of The Odyssey.   The chapter's success can be attributed to the lack of godly intervention.   Moreover, as the Kyklops' one eye is his most valuable feature, then Book IX of The Odyssey, devoid of divine intervention, is the epic's most valuable chapter.    Works Consulted: Bloom, Harold.   Homer's Odyssey: Edited and with an Introduction, NY, Chelsea House 1988 Crane, Gregory.   Backgrounds and Conventions of the Odyssey,   Frankfurt, Athenaeum 1988 Heubeck, Alfred, J.B. Hainsworth, et al. A commentary on Homer's Odyssey. 3 Vols. Oxford PA4167 .H4813 1988 Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: 1996 Tracy, Stephen V. The Story of the Odyssey Princeton UP 1990   

Friday, October 11, 2019

Pediatricians Qualification Essay

Education and Qualification Most medical schools require applicants to have a minimum of two to three years of university education. After graduating from medical school, a doctor who wishes to become a pediatrician must complete at least three years of special training in health care for children, also known as residency program (work experience). The doctor can then become a certified pediatrician by passing an examination given by a pediatrics specialty board. Many pediatricians take two to three years of additional training in a particular area of pediatrics. Some specialties are pediatric surgery, pediatric infectious diseases, pediatric hematology-oncology, and neonatal-prenatal medicine. Aside from the training, the pediatrician must also complete medical licensing exams such as certification by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC). Other qualifications of a pediatrician are compassion, patience, and love for children. Pediatricians must also have good communication skills. They have to be able to listen to parents and give them advice about their child. If a pediatrician is not able to communicate with people in this profession, he or she will never make it far. Duties and Responsibilities A pediatrician’s first responsibility is to diagnose illnesses. He or she does this by examining the patient, obtaining the patient’s medical histories, and ordering special tests such as X-rays. Next, he or she recommends treatment programs that may involve medication, rehabilitation, surgery, or advice about exercise and nutrition. During the treatment process, the pediatrician communicates with family members and health care professionals such as nurses. When appropriate, the pediatrician may refer patients to specialists, who are experts in medical fields. Those people include cardiologists, psychiatrists, surgeons, and many more. Salary and Rewards Pediatricians have among the highest earnings of any occupations. Earnings vary according to the number of year in practice, hours worked, skill, personality, and professional reputation. Those pediatricians who are just beginning their careers make around $100 000 to $120 000 per year. Established pediatricians’ average income is between $120 000 to $135 000 per year. Being a pediatrician can be rewarding as a result. When pediatricians care for children, the choice is made based on the love for children and the belief that it is a significant accomplishment to make a difference in a child’s life. As a bonus, the pediatricians get to hold their patients in their arms, to see them grow and change, and years later, to see the adults they have become. Lifestyle Being a pediatrician can be stressful. They have to work long hours and sometimes even miss important family occasions because of emergency calls. Irregular work schedules can sometimes interfere with the pediatrician’s daily plan, and they have to accommodate with it. They have to be able to accept unexpected events and unpredictable situations, but all of these hard works are worthwhile because of their high salary. Pediatricians can provide their family with money, but they cannot really provide their family with attention. To them, career has to be their priority since being a pediatrician is like a 24 hours a day job. Working Conditions Most pediatricians work in small private offices or clinics. They are often assisted by a small staff of nurses and other administrative personnel. Some pediatricians with higher reputation also teach and research. More dedicated pediatricians may be involved in advocating children’s issues in their  communities. Pediatricians work very long hours, between 9 to 12 hours a day and 45 to 65 hours a week. They may have irregular work schedules, working evenings and Saturdays to accommodate patients. Thus, it can be difficult for them to balance career and family life or personal time. Women in Pediatrics In our society today, some ignorant people still consider women going into specialized pediatrics as unacceptable. They think women should study regular pediatrics. Although the society is more open-minded nowadays, sexism has not been eliminated. Thus, some women in advanced fields such as pediatric surgery are disrespected.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Renewable Energy

Fung Chi Hong (10549602) Summary Nowadays, some people who supported renewable energy have many questions for fully relying on renewable energy in the future. A factor why people do not consider renewable energy is economics. However, the fact is that renewable energy can solve many economic problems. Anna Leidreiter expresses that the benefits of traditional energy are shared in only a few stakeholders; renewable energy is owned by popular, so the big business do not agree renewable energy.If the benefits from the large enterprise can be shared to popular, a correct energy can transform, it was shown in the history. Also, Anna Leidreiter gives Denmark and Germany as the examples to show fully renewable energy. Finally, she suggests some policies are necessary to replace fossil fuel with renewable energy and countries should exchange the opinion with other countries. Comment: After reading this article about economics and renewable energy, I have follow comment. First, using renewabl e energy is an irresistible general trend.According to the Anna Leidreiter, we can see that using renewable energy can substitute for fossil fuel in the Denmark and Germany. Using renewable energy not only can increase the opportunity of jobs, but also can help the economics stable. However, I think we should not just look to the money. In order to maintain a clean environment to our offspring, we should lay stress on environment protection; one of the things we can do is using renewable energy. Referencing Leidreiter, Anna. â€Å"Local Development through Community-Led Renewable Energy† Renewable Energy World Magazine. 3 Apr. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2013 Renewable Energy Fung Chi Hong (10549602) Summary Nowadays, some people who supported renewable energy have many questions for fully relying on renewable energy in the future. A factor why people do not consider renewable energy is economics. However, the fact is that renewable energy can solve many economic problems. Anna Leidreiter expresses that the benefits of traditional energy are shared in only a few stakeholders; renewable energy is owned by popular, so the big business do not agree renewable energy.If the benefits from the large enterprise can be shared to popular, a correct energy can transform, it was shown in the history. Also, Anna Leidreiter gives Denmark and Germany as the examples to show fully renewable energy. Finally, she suggests some policies are necessary to replace fossil fuel with renewable energy and countries should exchange the opinion with other countries. Comment: After reading this article about economics and renewable energy, I have follow comment. First, using renewabl e energy is an irresistible general trend.According to the Anna Leidreiter, we can see that using renewable energy can substitute for fossil fuel in the Denmark and Germany. Using renewable energy not only can increase the opportunity of jobs, but also can help the economics stable. However, I think we should not just look to the money. In order to maintain a clean environment to our offspring, we should lay stress on environment protection; one of the things we can do is using renewable energy. Referencing Leidreiter, Anna. â€Å"Local Development through Community-Led Renewable Energy† Renewable Energy World Magazine. 3 Apr. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2013