Alternative Methods of Lactic Acid Production

Alternative Methods of lactic Acid Productionlactic cutting is a hydroxycarboxylic tartulated, which is widely utilise in food, pharmaceutical, leather, cosmetic and textile industries. It can be polymerized to perishable and biocompatible plastic, i.e. polylactic pungent, which has environment-friendly and great potential for replacing petrochemical plastic. Industrially, it can be produced by either chemical synthesis or microbial fermentation. Presently, approximately 90% of lactic stinging was produced by lactic loony toons bacteria fermentation. Fermentative employment has the advantage that by choosing a strain of LA bacteria producing only one of the isomer and optically polished product. The widely used substrates for lactic acerbic deed atomic number 18 pure sugar, which are expensive. It is also affirmable to use lignocellulosic biomass, specially by product or waste materials from agriculture and industrial waste as substrates for fermentation. Therefore, the use of alternative substrates, cheap and raw materials become thus of special interest for lactic acid takings. The present study the utilization of industrial wastes and lignocellulosic as an alternative substrate for lactic acid turnout.Lactic acidLactic acid (2-hydroxy propionic acid) is a chemical compound that a role in several(prenominal) biochemical processes. It is a carboxylic acid with a chemical formula of C3H6O3. Lactic acid is chiral and has devil optical isomers as shown in figure 1.Lactic acid is organic solvent that can conclude in water but insoluble in other organic solvents. Other properties of lactic acid are presented in Table 1.Table 1. Physical properties of lactic acid.ParameterChemical formulaC3H6O3 molecular weight90.08Acidity (pKa)3.85Melting pointL 53 CD 53 CD/L 16.8 CBoiling point82 C at 0.5 mm Hg122 C at 14 mm HgDissociation constant, Ka at 25 C1.37 x 10-4Heat of combustion, Hc1361 KJ/moleSpecific Heat, Cp at 20 C190 J/mole/ C start Vickr oy (1985)Lactic acid can be produced by chemical synthesis or microbial fermentation. The chemical synthesis produced a racemic mixture of D, L lactic acid. Presently, about 90% of lactic acid made by LAB fermentation and the remainder is produced synthetically by the hydrolysis of lactonitrile. The advantage of fermentation technologies is viable to use renewable resources as substrates, such as starch and cellulose in fermentative production. In figure 2 described the diagram of commercial uses and applications of lactic acid. Food applications reported for approximately 85% of the total lactic acid, while the nonfood industrial applications reported for only 15% of the demand.Alternative substrate for lactic acid productionIn fermentation process, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) need carbon source, essentially simple sugars and newton source, as vital nutrients for their growths. The widely used substrates for lactic acid production are refined sugar, which are expensive. Therefore, attention has turned towards lignocellulosic biomass and industrial wastes to provide a source of carbohydrate for lactic acid production.LignocellulosicLignocellulosic resources are generally considered to represent an interesting and inexpensive raw material for microbial fermentation of lactic acid production, as they are renewable and cheap. A schematic diagram of the procedures for the preparation of lignocellulosic hydrolyzates is provided in figure 3. urinate and Ryu (2009) reported the production of lactic acid from lignocellulosic, glucose and lignocellulosic hydrolyzates were used as the carbon source. The parsimony of lactic acid decreases with increases in the dilution rate. Generally, the cell immersion obtained from lignocellulosic hydrolyzates media was approximately 10-15% lower than observed with glucose media. The lactic acid fork ups were provided at much than 0.90 gg-1 the result are shown in table 2.The lignocellulosic hydrolyzates have to be detoxified in order to reduce these repressing effects prior to fermentation, as some of the by-products released during the pretreatment (Mussatto and Roberto, 2004). Ruengruglikit and Hang (2003), reported the lactic acid production from lignocellulosic materials by R. oryzae. After an enzymatic hydrolysis and 48-h fermentation, lactic acid yields of 0.3 gg-1.Food wastesFood wastes, which are supplied at lower costs, highschool in moisture and rich in carbohydrates. They could be suitable alternative substrate for lactic acid production. The food wastes contain polysaccharides as well as various oligosaccharides.Ohkouchi and Inoue (2005) reported the production of lactic acid from food wastes. The composition of food wastes is shown in Table 3. The optimum pH for L (+)-lactic acid production by L. manihotivorans LMG 18011 was 5.0 and under these condition the L (+)-lactic acid was 19.5 g produced from 200 g food wastesKim et al. (2003) dictated lactic acid production from food wastes by simu ltaneous saccharification fermentation technical. The effect of food wastes concentration on lactic acid production as shown in figure 4.In figure 4, the highest yield was obtained from 65 g/L of food waste with a final lactic acid concentration of 44.3 g/L, while the highest lactic acid concentration of 79.7 g/L was obtained from 145 g/L of food waste.Pineapple wasteMost of the work using starch, beet molasses and sugar cane as the fermentation media for lactic acid production. Recently, Uno (2003) used grape invertase to attractive the production of lactic acid utilizing pineapple syrup as substrate. The efficiency of lactic acid production has been an affect from various shot and ability to use fruit waste.Idris and Suzana (2005) reported the liquid pineapple waste, it is feasible to use produce lactic acid by immobilized L. delbrueckii. The upper limit lactic acid can be obtained when parameters sign pH of 6.5, temperature of 37 C and sodium alginate concentration at 2% with a bead diameter of 1 mm in diameter. The highest values of kinetic parameters are obtained at 37 C and initial pH 6.5 (Table 4 and Table 5).Recycled paper maxRecycled paper sludge is an industrial waste has high polysaccharides (mainly cellulose) content. The conversion of polysaccharides on sludge to be broken down into the monomers and released sugars to be fermented to lactic acid. The methods for conversion of a polysaccharide into the monomer inhabit of enzymatic and acid hydrolysis.Marques et al. (2008) studied the utilization of recycled paper sludge as an alternative substrate for lactic acid product. The maximum production of lactic acid was produced 73 g/L of lactic acid, maximum productivity of 2.9 g/L/h, with 0.97 g LA per g of carbohydrates on initial substrate. The fermentative parameters concerned the lactic acid production of all the cultivations in this work are presented in table 6.ConclusionsThe widely used substrates for lactic acid production are refined suga r, which are expensive. It is also possible to use lignocellulosic biomass, especially by product or waste materials from agriculture and industrial waste as substrates for fermentation. Therefore, the use of alternative, low-cost and raw materials become thus of special interest for lactic acid production. The ability to utilize this industrial wastes and lignocellulosic as alternative carbon sources for lactic acid production will help reduce of environmental pollution problem and also reduce production costs.LITERATURE CITEDIdris, A. and W. Suzana. 2006. Effect of sodium alginate concentration, bead diameter, initial pH and temperature on lactic acid production from pineapple waste using immobilized Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Process Biochem. 41 1117-1123.Kim, K.I. , W.K. Kim, D.K. Seo, I.S. Yoo, E.K. Kim and H.H. Yoon. Production of lactic acid from food wastes Appl. Biochem. Biothnol. 101-108 637-647.Marques, S. , J.A.L. Santos, F.M. Grio and J.C. Roseiro. 2008. Lactic acid pro duction from recycled paper sludge by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Biochem. Eng. 41 210-216.Mussatto, S.I. and I.C. Roberto. 2004. Alternatives for detoxification of diluted-acid lignocellulosic hydrolyzates for use in fermentative processes. Bioresour. Technol. 1-10.Nexant. 2008. Biotech Route to Lactic Acid/ Polylactic Acid. Available Sourcehttp//nexant.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0255-130_ITMOhkouchi, Y. and Y. Inoue. 2006. Direct production of L(+)-lactic acid from starch and food wastes using Lactobacillus manihotivorans LMG18011. Bioresour. Technol. 97 1554-1562.Ruengruglikit, C. and Y.D. Hang. 2003. L(+) lactic acid production from corncobs by Rhizopus oryzae NRRL-395. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 36 573-575.Uno, T., Y. Ozawa, M. Ishikawa, K. Nakanishi and T. Kimura. 2003. Lactic acid production using two food processing wastes, keep pineapple syrup and grape invertase as substrate and enzyme. Biotechnol. Lett. 25 573-577.VickRoy, T.B. 1985. Lactic acid, pp. 761-7 76. In Blanch, H.W., S. move and D.I.C.Wang eds. Comprehensive Biotechnol. Vol. 3. Pergamon Press, Oxford.Wee, Y.J., J.N. Kim and H.W. Ryu. 2006. Biotechnological production of lactic acidand its recent applications. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 44(2) 163-172.Wee, Y.J. and H.W. Ryu. 2009. Lactic acid production by Lactobacillus sp. RKY2 in a cell-recycle continuous fermentation using lignocellulosic hydrolyzates as inexpensive raw materials. Bioresource Technol. 100 4262-4270.