Burial Practices Throughout the Ages

Society has always looked for a way to honor its dead. This has been the case since the earliest of times. in that respect are rituals in all populations that mark the various passages each travel through in life. For instance, we mark an individuals accomplishments in graduating from college, or getting married. It is no divergent in death. Death is the last-place passage that civilizations throughout history prepare rig ways to honor. Burials and the ceremonies that denounce them, offer the survivors an opportunity to pay homage to the life that has been lost.It gives them a incur to celebrate the deceased for accomplishments, life and family. The interment ceremony allows the survivors a happening to mourn, and express their grief to former(a)s. The ceremony helps those left behind to heal from the perturb of the loss. From the early civilizations to the present, interment rituals have told us a great administer about the social behavior of the population. In most cas es, children and elderly were inhumed just the same as the younger, stronger male. That consecrates us that the population valued its nation and grieved their loss.In the middle and late Iron Age, burying practices reflected a diverse community. In the area that is now Britain, an individual was buried in two split areas. For instance, there are areas where single stand up up are buried, as well as locations where the rest of the individualify is found. During the Iron Age, the breaking down of the merciful em soundbox indicated ritual activities. This was done at death or briefly afterward with the use of excarnation. Excarnation is allowing the body to be exposed until it reaches the skeleton stage. At that point, the cranium is unremarkably first to separate from the body, followed by the feet and hands.This process depart usually involve the chopping of skin, or soft tissue (Redfern, 2008). Once body parts are separated, the secondary sepulture can be completed. The body processing alike included breaking finger cymbals to remove formulate cartilage. Archeologists have noticed that the bones found in secondary targets usually have cut marks, and fractures (Redfern, 2008). The Neanderthal was different in its method of dealing with the dead. In fact, the Neanderthal buried its dead in a scrupulous ritual that occurred in stages with the consumption of the deceased persons body parts.Nevertheless, the Neanderthal left gifts on the sculpture of those who died. Statistics indicate that 40 portion of the graves that archeologists have examined have been of the really old or very young. That fact indicates that the civilization valued both its elderly and children (Friedermann, Muller, Hemm, 2008). The burial practices of the pre-pottery neolithic civilization found individuals buried in shallow graves. Some graves contained only one person while others contained many. Archeologists discovered 21 artifacts associate to 15 graves in Atli t-Yam, on the Northern coast of Israel.Most of the items were tools, axes, and other household items. The graves at this send were simple. There were a few secondary burial sites, as both(prenominal) skulls were detached from the body. The burial site was covered with lime plaster on its sur brass section (Galili, Eshed, Goher, Hershkovitz, 2005). In the deuce-ace millennium burial practices in the Oman peninsula feature tombs circular in figure out with un-worked stone that had a single ring around it. The tomb had surrounded by two and ten chambers within it. One tomb at the site of Unar 1 was macroscopic enough to hold the bodies of 438 sight.A smaller tomb found at Unn an-Nar Is write down only held between 34-48 individuals. Inside of the tombs, archeologists found ceramics, soft-stone objects, bronze, beads and shells. These items and burial method indicates a collective manner of invigoration. There were some cremations discovered in this period as well (Blau, 2001) . A burial cave found in the Aleutian Islands dated back to 390 BD. gives a glimpse into the function of the society. Inside the cave were found hearths and work places. kind-hearted bones had arranged stones around them. There was an additional stone governing body at the back of the cave.In front of the cave, in the habitation area, animal bones and artifacts were found. The bodies were in a sarcophagus in wood or stone coffins. There is some news among scholars that cave burials may have been just for the disclose off (West, Lefevre, Corbett, Crockford, 2003). Burial rites in Sophocles Athens feature the use of tombs more(prenominal) than cemeteries. The tombs are found along roads or at passageways or gates. Antigone believed that all people are entitled to burial. The words tumbos and herion mean mounds of the land that cover the deceased and mark where the individual is buried. The word, taphos means the tomb.The grave or tomb generally was located in a public location. The judgment that the dead should be separated in some way from those living is not a part of the Greek culture. However, late 5th speed of light walls have been found that divide up tombs from one family to another. Monuments always face the street or public square. The Romans of the same era prohibited the burial of any individual within the city. (Patterson, 2006). Murders in this era were executed for their crime. after execution, they were stoned and thrown out of the city without being buried. Suicide victims were buried but not provided a headstone.People of good standing were given ceremonies that featured songs. Then they were placed in a decorated tomb (Patterson, 2006). Heroes and those killed in battle were given a public funeral with games, oration, and sacrifices. Solon devised the rules for burial in Athens. He said the deceased should be laid out within his home. The next day, he would be carried out of the house on the plug-in he was laying on. When they carry th e dead out, men will walk in the front of the procession. Women walk behind. In addition, no woman under(a) age 60 could enter the chamber of the dead, or the tomb.(Patterson, 2006). This is quite different from the days of Jesus where women were in charge of caring for the dead. In chivalric times there is a diverse burial rite found in the use of boats with regional and temporal variations found. The Sutton Hoo Mound is a large ship-type grave. Most of the boats use were dugout logboats. Some of the civilizations used boat timbers or boat parts to cover the grave area (Brooks, 2007). Scandinavia is well-known for its bridal of burial by boat. The Swedes and Norwegians practiced boat cremations however, such is rare in Anglo-Saxon areas.The exception to this is the site at Sutton Hoo Mount three. At that site there is a tree-trunk made like a coffin that was used for cremation (Brooks, 2007). By the time the 18th century came around, most people in England were buried in unmark ed graves in a churchyard. The scope was consecrated and the service was performed by an Anglican clergyman. He used the book, oblige of Common Prayers for the service. In 1689, however, the idea of personalized funerals and pre-planned ceremonies came into being. The more affluent bought coffins. This gratuity to the development of the undertaker profession (Gitting, 2007).The very affluent built themselves a mausoleum on their land. The most famous ceremony was for John Knill, the mayor of St. Ives. He tryed a trust and asked that a ceremony be performed every(prenominal) five years. The ritual featured ten girls, who were under the age of ten. It also featured two widows, the vicar, and mayor and customs officer. All paraded to the mausoleum on hint of a hill. The ceremony featured dancing, and singing, Old Hundredth, All people that on earth do dwell (Gitting, 2007). Ironically, the ceremony was last completed in 2006. After the American Civil War, the ideal of embalming b ecame popular.Prior to this Americans relied on the European methods establish for the preservation of the body. The use of embalming gave family a chance to look at the person one last time and accept his or her death. Embalming was used after Lincolns death to allow him to lie in tell apart for individuals to witness, (Funeral Industry, n. d. ) In conclusion, burial rites of differing civilizations tell us a story of how the people lived, as well as how they died. It explains their values, and speaks to the kind of society they lived within. For example, south of capital of Egypt a 5,000 year old tomb was discovered.Inside of the tomb archeologists found the bones of 10 donkeys. (Burial Site, 2008). This indicates the value this civilization placed on the role of the animals. Therefore, burial rites explain much about ancient civilizations, but also tell us a great deal about ourselves. Although the rituals may have changed, the overall purpose is the same and that is to honor th e dead. References Blau, S. (2001). Fragmentary endings a discussion of 3rd-millennium BC burial practices in the Oman Peninsula. Antiquity, 75, (289), 557 Brooks, S. (2007). Boat-nvets in graves in pre-Viking Kent Reassessing Anglo-Saxon boat burial traditions.Medieval Archeology, 51, (1), 1-18 Burial site a high innocence for a lowly beast. (2008). In Mac leans, 121, (16), 55 Friedermann, S. , Muller, S. , Hemm, C. (2008). The Neanderthals. sassy York, NY Routledge Publishing Company Funeral Industry. (n. d. ) In Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Retrieved April 30, 2010, from, http//wwwdeathreference,con/En-Gh/funeral-industry. htm Galili, E. , Eshed, V. , Gopher, A. , Hershkovitz, A. (2005). Burial practices of the go under pre-pottery Neolithic C site of Atlit-Yam, Northern Coast of Israel. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 339, 1-19Gitting, C. (2007). Eccentric or Enlightened? Unusual burial and memorial in England, 1689-1823. Mortality, 12, (4), 321-349 Patterson, C. (2006). The place and practice in burial in Sophocles Athens. Helios, 33, 9-48 Redfern, R. (2008). novel evidence for Iron Age secondary burial practice and bone modification from Gussage, All Saints and Maiden Castle (Dorset, England). Oxford Journal of Archeology, 27, (3), 281-301 West, D. , Leferve, C. , Corbett, D. , Crockford, S. (2003). A burial cave in the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Artic Anthropology, 40, (1), 70